God's War: A New History of the Crusades (163 page)

43
. Edbury,
Conquest of Jerusalem
, p. 89, but cf. p. 76 for an opposite memory of Saladin fortifying these strongholds.

44
.
Historia de expeditione
, pp. 91–2;
Epistola de Morte
, pp. 177–8;
Itinerarium
, pp. 65–6; Ibn al-Athir, in Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, pp. 209–10; Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, pp. 113–17; Edbury,
Conquest of Jerusalem
, pp. 87–8.

45
.
Itinerarium
, p. 67; Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, p. 125.

46
.
Itinerarium
, p. 106; Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, ll. 3625–60, pp. 162–3.

47
. For the marriage of Conrad and Isabella, Edbury,
Conquest of Jerusalem
, pp. 95–7, 171, 172–4;
Itinerarium
, pp. 100–102, 121–6; Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, pp. 177–80; Imad al-Din,
Conquête de la Syrie
, trans. H. Masse (Paris 1972), pp. 105–6.

48
. Edbury,
Conquest of Jerusalem
, pp. 89–90; cf. H. E. Mayer,
Crusades
, p. 142 and note 71, p. 304.

49
. Edbury,
Conquest of Jerusalem
, pp. 171–2.

50
.
Itinerarium
, p. 143; this echoes the outrage of observers such as Henry of Albano and Peter of Blois.

51
. In general on the Franco-English crusade, see Gillingham,
Richard I
, pp. 85–154; Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 57–85; the main chroniclers include the
Itinerarium
; Ambroise; the Englishmen Roger of Howden, Ralph of Diceto and William of Newburgh; and the Frenchman Rigord.

52
.
The Complete Peerage
, by G. E. C. (reprint Gloucester 1987), iv, 194 note a.

53
.
Itinerarium
, p. 99, cf. pp. 74, 76, 82, 96–8; the Latin text is in
Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta Regis Ricardi
, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London 1864), p. 93; for Londoners, Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 73–4, 183.

54
.
Itinerarium
, p. 108.

55
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 68, 70–72, 179.

56
. Delaborde et al.,
Recueil des actes de Philippe Auguste
, i, 305–6, no. 252 (although some doubt on the authenticity of this act exists; see Baldwin,
The Government of Philip Augustus
, pp. 53–4 and note 86).

57
. Gillingham,
Richard I
, p. 114.

58
. Gerald of Wales,
Journey
, p. 184; Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, p. 60.

59
. Roger of Howden,
Gesta Henrici Secundi
, ii, 132–3; Richard of Devizes,
Chronicle
, p. 17.

60
. For all the English financial and logistic preparations, Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 75–83.

61
. Roger of Howden,
Gesta Henrici Secundi
, ii, 90; William of Newburgh,
Historia rerum Anglicarum
, ed. H. C. H. Hamilton (London 1856), ii, 121; Richard of Devizes,
Chronicle
, p. 9.

62
. Richard of Devizes,
Chronicle
, p. 15; a monk of St Swithun’s, Winchester, he may have been close to royal servants in the city involved in the organization of the expedition; cf. Roger of Howden,
Gesta Henrici Secundi
, ii, 117.

63
. Richard of Devizes,
Chronicle
, p. 28 for the size of the fleet.

64
. Roger of Howden,
Gesta Henrici Secundi
, ii, 116–24 for a full account of Richard’s fleet March – August 1190.

65
. Roger of Howden,
Chronica
, iii, 8.

66
. Hunter,
Pipe Roll 1 Richard I
, p. 5.

67
. Rigord,
Oeuvres
i, 99; Delaborde, et al.,
Recueil des actes de Philippe Auguste
, i, no. 292;
Codice diplomatico della repubblica de Genova
, ed. C. Imperiale de Sant’Angelo (Genoa 1936–42), ii, 366–8.

68
. Roger of Howden,
Gesta Henrici Secundi
, ii, 113, 129; Rigord,
Oeuvres
, i, 106.

69
. Roger of Howden,
Gesta Henrici Secundi
, ii, 83–4; William of Newburgh,
Historia Chronicles
, ed. Howlett, i, 294–9.

70
. William of Newburgh,
Historia, Chronicles
, ed. Howlett, i, 308–24 has the fullest narrative; cf. R. B. Dobson,
The Jews of Medieval York and the Massacre of 1190
, Borthwick Papers, no. 45 (York 1974).

71
. Chazan,
European Jewry
, pp. 139–42, 170–71.

72
. Roger of Howden,
Gesta Henrici Secundi
, ii, 92–3.

73
. Roger of Howden,
Gesta Henrici Secundi
, ii, 162–3.

74
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, p. 67 and p. 395 note 56 for refs.

75
.
Itinerarium
, p. 151; Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, p. 44; Gillingham,
Richard I
, p. 128 and note 13.

76
.
Itinerarium
, p. 151 for the collapsing bridge; for Philip see Roger of Howden,
Gesta Henrici Secundi
, ii, 157–9.

77
. Roger of Howden,
Gesta Henrici Secundi
, ii, 112 and pp. 112–15 and 124–6 for Richard’s cruise to Sicily; Howden was by this time in the king’s company.

78
.
Itinerarium
, p. 167; Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, p. 64. These two closely linked accounts of Richard’s journey east seem to reflect versions of events derived from eyewitnesses. For an excellent modern narrative of events in Sicily, Gillingham,
Richard I
, pp. 131–44.

79
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, pp. 145, 146; Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, pp. 191–2;
Itinerarium
, pp. 203–4.

80
. Above, notes 62 and 63; the most vivid account of the Cyprus campaign is by Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, pp. 74–108; cf. P. Edbury,
The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades 1191–1374
(Cambridge 1991), pp. 5–9.

81
. ‘Epistolae Cantuarienses’,
Chronicles and Memorials of the Reign of Richard I
, Rolls Series (London 1864–5), ii, 347.

82
. For the Cyprus deals, Edbury,
Cyprus
, pp. 7–9; Gillingham,
Richard I
, pp. 152–3, 196–7.

83
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, pp. 150–51; cf. Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, pp. 108–18;
Itinerarium
, pp. 195–203; Roger of Howden,
Gesta Henrici Secundi
, ii, 167–9.

14: The Palestine War 1191–2

1
. Edbury,
Conquest of Jerusalem
, p. 98 and, for the Palestine war generally, pp. 98–9, 104–21.

2
. The main narratives for the events of 1191–2 by or derived closely from eyewitnesses include Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, pp. 145–234;
Itinerarium
, pp. 201–380; Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, pp. 114–18, 191–448; Roger of Howden,
Gesta Henrici Secundi
, ii, 169–92, 230–31. The best secondary accounts are Gillingham,
Richard I
, pp. 155–221, a vigorous, critical but admiring apologia for Richard I, and Lyons and Jackson,
Saladin
, pp. 295–361. On the siege, R. Rogers,
Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century
(Oxford 1992), pp. 212–35.

3
.
Itinerarium
, pp. 208–10.

4
. Roger of Howden,
Gesta Henri Secundi
, ii, 170; Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, p. 196;
Itinerarium
, p. 204; Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, p. 153.

5
. Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, pp. 207–8; cf. pp. 203–4 for Philip doing the same thing; cf.
Itinerarium
, pp. 210, 213–14.

6
. Edbury,
Conquest of Jerusalem
, pp. 108–9.

7
. Roger of Howden,
Gesta, Henrici Secundi
, ii, 159;
Itinerarium
, p. 190.

8
.
Itinerarium
, p. 202; Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, p. 115 for ‘cœur de lion’.

9
. Roger of Howden,
Gesta Henrici Secundi
, ii, 171–2.

10
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, pp. 153, 155;
Itinerarium
, pp. 83, 92.

11
.
Itinerarium
, p. 214, cf. p. 204; Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, p. 208.

12
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, p. 162, cf. pp. 156–7.

13
. Richard of Devizes,
Chronicle
, pp. 46–7.

14
. Edbury,
Conquest of Jerusalem
, p. 179.

15
. Edbury,
Conquest of Jerusalem
, p. 179; for Philip’s reputation, see Gillingham,
Richard I
, pp. 164–6; for his return journey to Europe, see the account by Roger of Howden, who went with him as one of Richard’s spies,
Gesta Henrici Secundi
, ii, 192–9, 203–6, 227–30.

16
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, p. 163.

17
. Edbury,
Conquest of Jerusalem
, pp. 179–80, to the abbot of Cîteaux on 1 October 1191.

18
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, pp. 164–5.

19
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, pp. 165.

20
.
Itinerarium
, pp. 218–19.

21
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, p. 173; for mutilation and execution, pp. 168–9.

22
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, pp. 173–4.

23
. For the battle, Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, pp. 249–73;
Itinerarium
, pp. 247–61; for the dragon banner, Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, p. 250 and, for the armed cart or tower on which it was carried,
Itinerarium
, p. 237 and Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, p. 170; armed war wagons became familiar in the early fifteenth century, for instance in the Hussite crusades.

24
. Edbury,
Conquest of Jerusalem
, p. 180.

25
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, p. 165 and notes 53 and 54, p. 411.

26
. Roger of Howden,
Gesta Henrici Secundi
, ii, 185–6; Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, p. 229;
Itinerarium
, p. 232; Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, p. 165.

27
. See Gillingham,
Richard I
, pp. 179–80; cf. Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, p. 277, ll. 7,025–30.

28
. The letter of 11 October 1191 is translated in Edbury,
Conquest of Jerusalem
, pp. 181–2.

29
. For these diplomatic excursions, Ibn Shaddad, pp. 187–8, 191–2, 194–6, and Gillingham,
Richard I
, pp. 21, 184–9 and refs.

30
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, p. 196.

31
. Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, p. 291 and generally, pp. 289–91; Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, p. 193.