God's War: A New History of the Crusades (164 page)

32
. Ibn al-Athir, RHC Or., ii, pt i, 55–6.

33
. Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, p. 303.

34
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, p. 197; Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, p. 307;
Itinerarium
, p. 287.

35
. Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, p. 303, ll. 7,783–4, cf. Ambroise,
L’Estoire de la Guerre Sainte
, ed. G. Paris (Paris 1897), col. 208.

36
. Saladin’s view was confided to Bishop Hubert Walter of Salisbury in September 1192, Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, p. 442.

37
. Gillingham,
Richard I
, p. 192; cf. D. Pringle, ‘King Richard I and the Walls of Ascalon’,
Palestine Exploration Quarterly
, 116 (1984).

38
. Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, p. 290;
Itinerarium
, p. 272. Richard’s great-grandfather in the male line was Count Fulk V of Anjou, who became king of Jerusalem and the father of Baldwin III and Amalric.

39
. For a full discussion, Gillingham,
Richard I
, pp. 197–202, 226–7.

40
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, p. 198.

41
. Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, pp. 355–64;
Itinerarium
, pp. 321–6.

42
. Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, pp. 368–9;
Itinerarium
, p. 328.

43
. Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, pp. 393–4;
Itinerarium
, p. 346.

44
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, p. 211.

45
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, pp. 211–12; the intelligence was excellent, cf. Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, pp. 377–9.

46
. Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, p. 393;
Itinerarium
, p. 346.

47
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, p. 212.

48
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, p. 223 and pp. 219–26; Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, pp. 399–426;
Itinerarium
, pp. 349–69.

49
.
Sine feminalibus
in Latin, Stubbs,
Itinerarium
, p. 415.

50
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, pp. 228–33.

51
. Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, pp. 363–4;
Itinerarium
, p. 325.

52
. Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, p. 444.

53
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, p. 26; William of Newburgh,
Historia
,
Chronicles
, ed. Howlett, p. 374; cf. pp. 372–81, 379–81 for general reflections.

54
. Ambroise,
Estoire de la Guerre Sainte
, ed. G. Paris (Paris 1927), l. 12,255, col. 329.

55
. Albert von Johansdorf, a German minnesinger, quoted by Siberry,
Criticism of Crusading
, p. 193.

56
. Gislebertus of Mons,
Chronicon Hanoniense
, ed. L. Vanderkindere (Brussels 1904), p. 272.

15: ‘Ehud’s Sharpened Sword’

1
. Judges 3:16; Ehud was an Israelite hero who killed Eglon, king of the Moabites.

2
. Sermon 1213×1218 for the Fifth Crusade, trans. by J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, p. 134.

3
. J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, pp. 77–8 (letter to Waldemar II of Denmark for ‘the Lord’s war’), 79 (letter to Philip II 1207), 119–24 (
Quia Maior
), p. 119 for the Matthew text: the italics are mine;
Selected Letters of Pope Innocent III concerning England 1198–1216
, ed. C. R. Cheney and W. H. Semple (London 1953), p. 4 (‘ab obsequio Iesu Christi’, describing Richard I’s crusade); cf. p. 91, to Leopold VI of Austria, who has taken the cross ‘to follow Christ’.

4
. J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, p. 123.

5
. Translation by C. Morris,
The Holy Land, Holy Lands and Christian History
, ed. R. N. Swanson, Studies in Church History, 36 (Woodbridge 2000), p. xvi.

6
. Gerald of Wales,
Journey
, p. 114; James of Vitry,
Letters
, ed. R. B. C. Huygens (Leiden 1960), p. 77; Gunther of Pairis,
Historia
, p. 66, cf.
Capture
, p. 73; Caesarius of Heisterbach,
Dialogus Miraculorum
, ed. J. Strange (Cologne, Bonn and Brussels 1851), i, 12–13; James of Vitry,
Historia Occidentalis
, ed. J. F. Hinnebusch (Friburg 1972), pp. 20–21.

7
. Cheney and Semple,
Selected Letters of Innocent III
, pp. 207, 208, 216, 218, 219.

8
. Quoted in J. Gilchrist, ‘The Lord’s War as the Proving Ground of Faith; Pope Innocent III and the Propagation of Violence’,
Crusaders and Muslims
, ed. Shatzmiller, p. 69 and generally pp. 65–83.

9
. On this see Tyerman,
Invention of the Crusades
, pp. 27, 50, 76–83, 86; M. Markowski, ‘Crucesignatus: Its Origins and Early Usage’,
Journal of Medieval History
, 10 (1984).

10
. J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, p. 139.

11
. J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, pp. 119–29.

12
. Tyerman,
Invention of the Crusades
, pp. 14–15 and note 35; the 1198 bull sent to England is included in Roger of Howden,
Chronica
, iv, 70–75.

13
. J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, pp. 145–8.

14
. J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, p. 123, and pp. 119–24 in general for what follows.

15
. J.-M. Canivez (ed.),
Statuta Capitulorum Generalium Ordinis Cisterciensis ab anno 1116 ad annum 1786
(Louvain 1933–41), i, 122, 172, 181–2, 208, 210, 268, 270, etc.; Snoek,
Medieval Piety
, pp. 168–9 and refs.

16
. J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, p. 124;
Councils and Synods with Other Documents Relating to the English Church
, gen. ed. F. M. Powicke (Oxford 1964–81), ii, 175.

17
. The letter from the patriarch of Jerusalem on behalf of the First Crusaders at Antioch, January 1098, is translated in Peters,
The First Crusade
pp. 283–4; Roger of Howden,
Chronica
, iii, 317–19; iv, 165–7; cf. C. Cheney,
Hubert Walter
(London 1967), pp. 124–32.

18
. Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts,
Fifth Report
, Appendix (London 1872), p. 462; idem,
Report on Various Collections
, i (London 1901), 235–6; Roger of Howden,
Chronica
, iv, 108–12; Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 168–72.

19
.
Coutumiers de Normandie
, ed. E. J. Tardif (Rouen 1881–1903), iii, 91; cf. for general discussions of privileges, J. Brundage,
Canon Law and the Crusader
; Tyerman,
Invention of the Crusades
, pp. 55–62; idem,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 187–228; S. Lloyd,
English Society and the Crusade 1216–1307
(Oxford 1988).

20
. Delaborde, et al.,
Receuil des actes de Philippe Auguste
, nos. 228, 1360; Rigord,
Oeuvres
, i, 84–8.

21
.
Curia Regis Rolls
(London and Woodbridge 1922–), iii, 193.

22
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 71, 135, 204, 219, 221.

23
. F. M. Stenton, ‘Early Manumissions at Staunton’,
English Historical Review
, 26 (1911), 95–6; P. R. Hyams,
Kings, Lords and Peasants
(Oxford 1980), p. 32 and note 37.

24
.
Curis Regis Rolls
, x, 293;
Bracton’s Note Book
, ed. F. W. Maitland (London 1887), ii, 159–60, 196; J. Brundage, ‘The Crusader’s Wife: A Canonistic Quandary’,
Studia Gratiana
, 12 (1967), 427–41.

25
. Cheney and Semple,
Selected Letters of Innocent III
, pp. 144–7.

26
. Christiansen,
The Northern Crusades
, p. 98.

27
. J. D. Mansi,
Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio
, xxii (Venice 1778), cols. 231–3.

28
. For a full contemporary account, Arnold of Lübeck,
Chronica Slavorum
, pp. 195–212; cf. Waitz,
Chronica Regia Colonensis
, pp. 157–61.

29
.
Nicetas
, pp. 261–3.

30
. Jaffé,
Regesta Pontificum Romanorum
, ii, nos. 17,226, 17,270, 17,274; Ralph of Diceto,
Ymagines Historiarum
,
Opera Historica
, ed. Stubbs, ii, 132–5; Waitz,
Chronica Regia Colonensis
, p. 157.

31
. Edbury,
Conquest of Jerusalem
, p. 139 and, generally, pp. 136–45.

32
. Arnold of Lübeck,
Chronica Slavorum
, p. 195.

33
. On these negotiations, Edbury,
Cyprus
, p. 33 and refs.

34
.
Die Register Innocenz’ III
, ed. O. Hageneder et al. (Graz-Cologne, Rome and Vienna 1964–), i, no. 336; cf. Roger of Howden,
Chronica
, iv, 70–75.

35
. Geoffrey of Villehardouin,
The Conquest of Constantinople
, trans. M. R. B. Shaw (London 1963), p. 29.

36
. Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, iii, 130.

37
. J. Crosland,
William Marshal: Knighthood, War and Chivalry
(London 2002), pp. 78–81;
Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal
, ed. P. Meyer (Paris 1891–1901), ll. 11,373–688.

38
. See Innocent III’s letter, 5 November 1198, C. Tyerman (ed.),
An Eyewitness History of the Crusades
, Folio Society (London 2004), iv,
The Fourth Crusade
, 4.

39
. Roger of Howden,
Chronica
, iv, 76–7.

40
. James of Vitry,
Historia Occidentalis
, pp. 89–90; cf. pp. 96–101; for Fulk, see Roger of Howden,
Chronica
, iv, 76–7; Ralph of Coggeshall,
Chronicon Anglicanum
, ed. J. Stevenson, Rolls Series (London 1875), pp. 80–83, 130, 131 for a very flattering account; Winchester Annals,
Annales Monastici
, ed. Luard, ii, 67–8 for a hostile view; Villehardouin,
Conquest
, pp. 29, 38; Robert of Clari,
The Conquest of Constantinople
, trans. E. H. McNeal (New York 1966), pp. 31, 34, 38.

41
. According to Gunther of Pairis,
Capture
, p. 67.

42
. Robert of Clari,
Conquest
, p. 31 and p. 38 for the alleged use of Fulk’s money; James of Vitry,
Historia Occidentalis
, p. 101. For other accounts of Fulk, his controversial personality and the disposal of his money, see the
Devastatio Constantinopolitana
, the account of the crusade by the so-called Anonymous of Soissons, and the colourful chronicle by the Cistercian Alberic of Trois Fontaines, trans. A. J. Andrea,
Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade
(Leiden 2000), pp. 213, 233, 293; and Mas-Latrie,
Chronique d’Ernoul
, p. 233.

43
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 160–70 and refs.

44
. Roger of Howden,
Chronica
, iv, 111; J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, pp. 145–8.