God's War: A New History of the Crusades (166 page)

23
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, p. 99.

24
.
Nicetas
, p. 296.

25
. As in C. Brand,
Byzantium Confronts the West
(Cambridge, Mass. 1968); but cf. more nuanced views, e.g. A. M. Bryer’s in D. Baker (ed.),
Relations between East and West in the Middle Ages
(Edinburgh 1973).

26
. Quoted in Angold,
Byzantine Empire
, p. 150.

27
. Matthew Paris,
Chronica Majora
, ed. H. R. Luard, Rolls Series (London 1872–84), v, 284–7.

28
.
Nicetas
, pp. 323–4.

29
. Andrea,
Sources
, pp. 163–8.

30
. PL, 214, cols. 130 et seq., chap. 82; cols. 1,123–5; Villehardouin,
Conquest
, pp. 44–5.

31
. See note 30.

32
. See his correspondence, Andrea,
Sources
, pp. 35–98.

33
. Andrea,
Sources
, p. 188.

34
. Gunther of Pairis,
Capture
, pp. 90–91.

35
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, p. 52; Robert of Clari,
Conquête
, p. 40.

36
.
Devastatio Constantinopolitana
, Andrea,
Sources
, p. 216.

37
. Andrea,
Sources
, pp. 46–59.

38
. Andrea,
Sources
, p. 48.

39
. Andrea,
Sources
, pp. 62–3.

40
. For the disputes at Corfu, Villehardouin,
Conquest
, pp. 54–6; Robert of Clari,
Conquest
, pp. 58–9, 66; Andrea,
Sources
, pp. 188 et seq., 216 et seq., 250.

41
.
Nicetas
, p. 297; Andrea,
Sources
, p. 254.

42
. Andrea,
Sources
, p. 255.

43
. The phrase in Innocent III’s in his letter of November 1202, above, notes 20 and 30.

44
. Andrea,
Sources
, p. 199.

45
. Robert of Clari,
Conquest
, p. 67.

46
.
Nicetas
, p. 301.

47
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, pp. 74–5.

48
. Robert of Clari,
Conquest
p. 81, who has 36,000 marks as the debt against Villehardouin’s possibly more informed 34,000, p. 43.

49
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, pp. 76–7.

50
. Villehardouin,
Conquête
, ed. Faral, p. 200.

51
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, p. 77.

52
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, p. 78; Hugh of St Pol, Andrea,
Sources
, pp. 199–201.

53
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, p. 78–9; Robert of Clari,
Conquest
pp. 81–2;
Devastatio Constantinopolitana
, Andrea,
Sources
, p. 218;
Nicetas
, p. 304.

54
.
Nicetas
, pp. 302–4.

55
.
Nicetas
, p. 305.

56
.
Nicetas
, pp. 304–6; Villehardouin,
Conquest
pp. 81–3; Robert of Clari,
Conquest
p. 82.

57
.
Nicetas
, pp. 306–12, p. 309 for the murder; Villehardouin,
Conquest
, pp. 83–6; Andrea,
Sources
, p. 105, for the lurid details in Baldwin of Flanders’s circular after his election as emperor.

58
. Anonymous of Soissons, writing before 1207 with material from Bishop Nivelo, Andrea,
Sources
, p. 234.

59
. Tafel and Thomas,
Urkunden
, i, 445; Andrea,
Sources
, pp. 140–44; Villehardouin,
Conquest
, p. 88; Robert of Clari,
Conquest
, pp. 91–2.

60
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, pp. 84–5; Mansi,
Sacrorum Conciliorum
, xxii, cols. 231–3.

61
. Robert of Clari,
Conquest
, p. 94.

62
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, pp. 91–5; Robert of Clari,
Conquest
, pp. 99–102;
Nicetas
, pp. 314–25; Nicholas Mesarites in Brand,
Byzantium
, p. 269; Gunther of Pairis,
Capture
, pp. 106–13; Andrea,
Sources
, pp. 100–112, 221, 235–7, 255, 261–3;
Chronicle of Novgorod
, pp. 309–10.

63
. Gunther of Pairis,
Capture
, p. 107, perhaps special pleading to exonerate his abbot of guilt by association; a usefully calm discussion is by Angold,
Fourth Crusade
, pp. 111–13 and refs.

64
. The phrase is Gunther of Pairis’s, describing his abbot,
Capture
, p. 111; the figures are discussed in Queller and Madden,
Fourth Crusade
, pp. 294–5; cf. Villehardouin,
Conquest
pp. 94–5.

65
. Angold,
Fourth Crusade
, pp. 111–12; cf.
Nicetas
, pp. 323–5.

66
. Robert of Clari,
Conquête
, p. 81 for the phrase ‘quemun de l’ost’; Robert of Clari,
Conquest
, pp. 100–102.

67
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, pp. 94–5;
Devastatio Constantinopolitana
, Andrea,
Sources
, p. 221; Robert of Clari,
Conquest
, pp. 101–2.

68
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
p. 93.

69
. Andrea,
Sources
, pp. 100–112. For the Latin Empire, Angold,
Fourth Crusade
, part 2, esp. pp. 113–50; P. Lock,
The Franks in the Aegean 1204–1500
(Harlow 1995); D. Jacoby, ‘The Encounter of Two Societies’,
American Historical Review
, 78 (1973), 873–906.

70
. PL, 215, cols. 1,372–5, of March 1208; the initiative may have come from Theodore Lascaris; see Angold,
Fourth Crusade
, pp. 195–8.

71
. Robert of Clari,
Conquest
, pp. 86–8.

72
. Alberic of Trois Fontaines, Andrea,
Sources
, p. 306 and note.

73
. Angold,
Fourth Crusade
, pp. 148, 237–40.

74
. Gunther of Pairis,
Capture
, pp. 109–12, 119–27; Angold,
Fourth Crusade
, pp. 228–47.

75
. Andrea,
Sources
, pp. 235–7, 261–3; Robert of Clari,
Conquest
p. 5.

76
. Ralph of Coggeshall,
Chronicon Anglicanum
, pp. 201–3, trans. Andrea,
Sources
, pp. 288–90. In general, M. Barber, ‘Western Attitudes to Frankish Greece in the Thirteenth Century’,
Latins and Greeks in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204
, ed. B. Arbel et al. (London 1989), pp. 111–28.

77
. Andrea,
Sources
, p. 108.

78
. Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, iii, 477.

18: The Albigensian Crusades 1209–29

1
. Peter of Les Vaux-de-Cernay,
Historia Albigensis
, translated as
The History of the Albigensian Crusade
by W. A. and M. D. Sibly (Woodbridge 1998), p. 197. (Hereafter PVC.)

2
. In general, in English, A. P. Evans, ‘The Albigensian Crusades’,
History of the Crusades
, ed. Setton, ii, 277–324; W. L. Wakefield,
Heresy, Crusade and Inquisition in Southern France, 1100–1250
(London 1974); J. Sumption,
The Albigensian Crusade
(London 1978); M. Barber,
The Cathars
(London 2000).

3
. Mainly on the evidence of mishaps and losses, including the death of Louis VIII, Roger of Wendover,
Flores Historiarum
, ed. H. G. Hewlett, Rolls Series (London 1886–9), ii, 315.

4
. Wakefield,
Heresy
, p. 245.

5
. Barber,
Cathars
, passim; for general surveys, M. D. Lambert,
Medieval Heresy
(2nd edn Oxford 1992); idem,
The Cathars
(Oxford 1998); R. I. Moore,
The Origins of European Dissent
(Oxford 1985).

6
. William of Newburgh,
Historia
, ed. Howlett, pp. 131–4; J. Sayers,
Innocent III
(London 1994), p. 157 and note 55.

7
. P. Biller, ‘The Cathars of Languedoc and Written Materials’,
Heresy and Literacy 1000–1350
, ed. P. Biller and A. Hudson (Cambridge 1994), p. 63 and, generally, pp. 61–82.

8
. For a summary, see L. M. Paterson,
The World of the Troubadours
(Cambridge 1993), pp. 249–52 and refs.

9
. William Pelhisson,
Chronicle
, trans. Wakefield,
Heresy
, p. 210.

10
. William of Puylaurens,
Chronicle
, trans. W. A. and M. D. Sibly (Woodbridge 2003), p. 12 (hereafter WP); Barber,
Cathars
, pp. 21–2 and note 43, and passim for Sacconi; Wakefield,
Heresy
, pp. 139, 143 and 192 note 4 for Robert; PVC, p. 18 for Theodoric.

11
. See the important article by B. Hamilton, ‘Wisdom from the East’,
Heresy and Literacy
, pp. 38–60.

12
. For the St Félix Council, Barber,
Cathars
, esp. pp. 21–2 and 71–3.

13
. Wakefield,
Heresy
, pp. 68–81.

14
. WP, p. 25.

15
. WP, pp. xxix – xxx and notes for a discussion of the term.

16
. WP, p. 22.

17
. Paterson,
World of Troubadours
, pp. 70–71; Barber,
Cathars
, pp. 55–8.

18
. Wakefield,
Heresy
, p. 52.

19
.
La Chanson de la croisade contre les Albigeois
, trans. J. Shirley,
The Song of the Cathar Wars
(Aldershot 1996), pp. 84–5. (Hereafter
Song
.)

20
. Decree 27.

21
. Gervase of Canterbury,
Historical Works
, i, 270–71.

22
. Barber,
Cathars
, p. 52 and note 62.

23
. PVC, p. 117; WP, p. 40;
Song
, p. 41.

24
. A point made in order to damn Raymond VI by WP, pp. 16–18.

25
. Mansi,
Sacrorum Conciliorum
, xxii, cols. 231–3.

26
. WP, p. 12 and note 36 to refs. to the narratives of the 1181 expedition.

27
.
Ketzer und Ketzerbekampfung im Hochmittelalter
, ed. J. Fearns (Göttingen 1968), pp. 61–3.

28
. PVC, p. 8.

29
. On Innocent III, Barber,
Cathars
, esp. pp. 115–20; Wakefield,
Heresy
, pp. 86–91.

30
. PL, 215 cols. 358–60 for Arnold Aimery’s appointment; col. 362 for talk of the spiritual virtue of the ‘material sword’.