God's War: A New History of the Crusades (170 page)

48
. Voigt,
Codex Diplomaticus Prussicus
, i, 59–60.

49
. Alexander IV,
Registres
, ed. C. Bourel de la Roncière et al. (Paris 1895–1953), no. 3,068.

50
. In general, Urban,
Livonian Crusade
; Christiansen,
Northern Crusades
, pp. 138–98; A. Ehlers, ‘The Crusade of the Teutonic Knights Reconsidered’,
Crusade and Conversion
, ed. Murray, pp. 21–44.

51
. Bruno of Olmütz’s
Relatio
, ed. C. Hofler, ‘Analecta zur Geschichte Deutschlands und Italiens’,
Abhandlungen der historischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
, 3rd series, 4 (1846), 1–28.

52
.
Liv-, Esth-, und Curländisches Urkundenbuch
, ed. F. G. Bunge (Revel and Riga 1853–1910), ii, no. 630.

53
. In general, W. Paravicini,
Die Preussenreisen des europäischen Adels
(Sigmaringen 1989–).

54
. G. Chaucer,
General Prologue
to
The Canterbury Tales
, ll. 52–4.

55
. For what follows, Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 266–76; M. Keen, ‘Chaucer’s Knight, the English Aristocracy, and the Crusade’,
English Court Culture in the Later Middle Ages
, ed. V. J. Scattergood and J. W. Sherborne (London 1983).

56
.
Calendar of Patent Rolls
(Public Record Office, London 1901–),
1367–70
, pp. 24, 56, 57, 58, 64, 72, 127, 128.

57
.
Calendar of Papal Registers
, ed. W. T. Bliss et al. (London 1893–1960), iv, 19.

58
. J. Capgrave,
De Illustribus Henricis
, ed. F. C. Hingeston, Rolls Series (London 1858), p. 99; cf. Ehlers, ‘Crusade of the Teutonic Knights’.

59
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, p. 272 and note 55 for ref. to Henry’s accounts.

60
.
Calendar of Close Rolls
(Public Record Office, London 1902–),
1374–77
, p. 11.

61
. For these commercial aspects, Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 272–4.

62
. In general, Christiansen,
Northern Crusades
, pp. 227–58; M. Burleigh,
Prussian Society and the German Order 1410–66
(Cambridge 1984).

63
. See the discussion, Christiansen,
Northern Crusades
, pp. 231–41.

22: Survival and Decline: the Frankish Holy Land in the Thirteenth Century

1
. In general, Holt,
Age of the Crusades
, esp. pp. 53–106, 138–53; Irwin,
Middle East
, esp. pp. 21–84.

2
. E.g. Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, iii, passim. Cf. Mayer,
Crusades
, esp. pp. 247–59, 272–88.

3
. Edbury,
Cyprus
.

4
.
Eracles
, RHC Occ., ii, 313–15, 318, 347–8, 349.

5
. E.g. John of Jaffa’s
Livre des Assises
(1264×66).

6
. See the work on Acre by D. Jacoby,
Studies on the Crusader States and on Venetian Expansion
(Northampton 1989).

7
. J. Riley-Smith,
The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1174–1277
(London 1973), p. 48 and refs.; Mayer,
Crusades
, pp. 278–9.

8
. D. Jacoby, ‘Montmusard, Suburb of Crusader Acre’,
Outremer
, ed. Kedar et al., pp. 205–17.

9
. Matthew Paris, ‘Itinéraire de Londres à Jerusalem’, ed. H. Michelant and G. Raynaud,
Itinéraires à Jerusalem
(Geneva 1882), p. 137.

10
.
Eracles
, p. 428 mentions the Frankish army at the battle of Gaza included 600 knights, more or less exactly the figure estimated as the kingdom’s levy in the 1180s. For trade, E. Ashtor,
Levant Trade in the Later Middle Ages
(Princeton 1983).

11
. Riley-Smith,
Feudal Nobility
, pp. 175–84, 208–9; Edbury,
John of Ibelin
pp. 67–8.

12
. Willibrand of Olbenburg’s description of the Ibelin palace in Beirut, which he visited in 1212,
Peregrinatores medii aevi quatuor
, ed. J. C. M. Laurent (Leipzig 1864), pp. 166 et seq.

13
. Marino Sanudo Torsello,
Secreta Fidelium Crucis
, ed. J. Bongars (Hanau 1611), ii, 1–33 (Book I).

14
. Mayer,
Crusades
, pp. 278–9.

15
. D. Jacoby, ‘L’Expansion occidentale dans le Levant: les Vénitiens à Acre dans la seconde moitié du treizième siècle’,
Journal of Medieval History
, 3 (1977), 225–64.

16
. Trans. Kennedy,
Crusader Castles
, pp. 190–98, at p. 194.

17
.
Les Gestes des Chiprois
, RHC Arm. ii (Paris 1906), bk III, trans. P. Crawford,
The Templar of Tyre: Part III of the ‘Deeds of the Cypriots’
(Aldershot 2003), chap. 382.

18
. John of Joinville,
The Life of St Louis
, trans. M. R. B. Shaw,
Chronicles of the Crusades
(London 1963), p. 252.

19
. See Crawford,
Templar of Tyre
, pp. 4–5.

20
. Holt,
Age of Crusades
, p. 93.

21
. Above p. 509.

22
. E.g. above, note 9.

23
. Matthew Paris,
Chronica Majora
, iv, 488–9.

24
. Gregory X,
Registres
, ed. J. Guiraud and E. Cadier (Paris 1892–1906), nos. 160–61; cf. no. 220; this advice is discussed by P. Throop,
Criticism of the Crusade
(Amsterdam 1940).

25
. M. Barber, ‘The Crusade of the Shepherds in 1251’,
Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History
, ed. J. F. Sweet (Lawrence 1984); G. Dickson, ‘The Advent of the
Pastores
(1251),
Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire
, 66 (1988), 249–67.

26
. For the treaties, see T. Van Cleve, ‘The Crusade of Frederick II’,
History of the Crusades
, ed. Setton, ii, 455–6; P. Jackson, ‘The Crusades of 1239–41 and Their Aftermath’,
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
, 50 (1987), 32–60.

27
.
Eracles
, pp. 427–31; cf. pp. 562–6 for the Rothelin Continuation version.

28
. Holt,
Age of Crusades
, esp. pp. 86–8, 91–2, 102; Irwin,
Middle East
, pp. 37–102; C. Cahen, ‘The Mongols and the Near East’,
History of the Crusades
, ii, 715–32.

29
. For references to the arrivals of foreign troops,
Eracles
, pp. 441–78; C. J. Marshall, ‘The French Regiment in the Latin East 1254–91’,
Journal of Medieval History
, 15 (1989); on Geoffrey of Sergines, J. Riley-Smith,
What Were the Crusades?
, (3rd edn London 2003), pp. 77–80; for Olivier of Termes, Langlois,
Olivier de Termes
, pp. 128–34, 137–42, 211–32.

30
. J. R. Strayer, ‘The Crusade of Louis IX’,
History of the Crusades
, ed. Setton, ii, 508.

31
. Gregory X,
Registres
, nos. 802–3;
Eracles
, p. 462.

32
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, p. 125 and note 59, p. 405.

33
. In general, Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, iii, 76–104, 171–233, 293–348, 387–423; Mayer,
Crusades
, esp. pp. 239–59, 272–88; Riley-Smith,
Feudal Nobility
, passim; Edbury,
John of Ibelin
, pp. 1–103; idem,
Cyprus
, pp. 23–100; Holt,
Age of the Crusades
, pp. 60–66, 82–104.

34
.
Eracles
, p. 305.

35
. Charles of Anjou, who in 1277 bought Maria of Antioch’s claim to the throne of Jerusalem, below pp. 731–2, 817–18.

36
.
Eracles
, p. 220; Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, iii, 93 and note 2.

37
. Edbury,
Cyprus
, p. 32.

38
. Edbury,
Cyprus
, pp. 39–73.

39
.
Eracles
, pp. 306–10.

40
. See above chapter 19.

41
. The main source, if heavily biased against the Hohenstaufen and in favour of the Ibelins, is Philip of Novara,
The Wars of Frederick II Against the Ibelins
, trans. J. La Monte and M. J. Hubert (New York 1936).

42
. Riley-Smith,
Feudal Nobility
, pp. 177–84.

43
. P. Jackson, ‘The End of Hohenstaufen Rule in Syria’,
Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research
, 59 (1986), 20–36; D. Jacoby, ‘The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Collapse of Hohenstaufen Power in the Levant’,
Dumbarton Oaks Papers
, 40 (1986), 83–101.

44
. Above note 11. Simon played the leading role in establishing the Commune of England in 1258.

45
. Cf. Riley-Smith,
What Were the Crusades?
, pp. 77–80.

46
. Jacoby, ‘L’Expansion occidentale’.

47
. Edbury,
John of Ibelin
, esp. pp. 96–7; Riley-Smith,
Feudal Nobility
, pp. 215–7.

48
. Edbury,
John of Ibelin
, esp. p. 96; for examples, see Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, pp. 312–16, 323–33.

49
. Ibn Furat’s chronicle trans. M. C. Lyons and J. Riley-Smith,
Ayyubids, Mamlukes and Crusaders
, ii, 104–5, 113, 135, 164;
Eracles
, pp. 462, 479; Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, pp. 342–3; idem, ‘The Crusader States 1243–91’,
History of the Crusades
, ed. Setton, ii, 580, 584, 586; Riley-Smith,
Feudal Nobility
, pp. 28, 224; Edbury,
Cyprus
, pp. 91, 96 and note 84.

50
. On John and his lawbook, Edbury,
John of Ibelin
, passim, esp. pp. 58–106. The text of John’s book is in RHC Lois, i.

51
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, pp. 203–4, 269–70, 295, 297.

52
. Edbury,
John of Ibelin
, p. 106. For the redating of ‘Bracton’,
De Legibus et consuetudinibus Angliae
, ed. and trans. S. E. Thorne (Cambridge, Mass. 1968–77).

53
. H. Buchtal,
Miniature Painting in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
(Oxford 1957); J. Folda,
Crusader Manuscript Illumination at Saint-Jean d’Acre 1275–91
(Princeton 1976); idem, ‘Art in the Latin East’,
Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades
, ed. Riley-Smith, pp. 66–90.

54
. E.g. Kennedy,
Crusader Castles
; D. Pringle, ‘Architecture in the Latin East’,
Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades
, ed. Riley-Smith, pp. 160–83.

55
. A. Jotischky,
The Perfection Solicitude: Hermits and Monks in the Crusader States
(Philadelphia 1995).

56
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 297.

57
. For a commentary, Edbury,
Cyprus
, esp. pp. 39–73 and idem,
John of Ibelin
, pp. 1–103.

58
. Riley-Smith,
Feudal Nobility
, pp. 220–28; Edbury,
Cyprus
, pp. 90–100; Mayer,
Crusades
, pp. 282–7.