God's War: A New History of the Crusades (173 page)

74
. Ibn Wasil, Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 294.

75
. Richard,
St Louis
, p. 125; John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, captures the chaos, dejection and fear, pp. 240–44.

76
. Abu Shamah,
Livre des Deux Jardins
, RHC Or., v (Paris 1906), 196; cf. Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 302, from Maqrizi’s fifteenth-century compilation.

77
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 263; an exaggerated sum.

78
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, pp. 246–50.

79
. Ibn Wasil’s comment, Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 298; for the coup, pp. 295–8; John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, pp. 251–6.

80
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, pp. 258–60.

81
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 256.

82
. Above pp. 777–9. And chap. 22, p. 727.

83
.
The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck
, ed. P. Jackson with D. Morgan, Hakluyt Society, 2nd series, no. 173 (London 1990), pp. 1–55 (Introduction); pp. 59–278 for the friar’s report to Louis IX; Jackson,
Mongols
, pp. 99–100.

84
. A possible reading of Joinville’s account: why was the king wading up to his chest? Why did the southerly wind matter so much on the march south in November 1249? Cf. similar doubts Matthew Paris,
Chronica Majora
, vi,
Additamenta
, p. 154; Guillaume de Nangis, RHGF, xx, 370.

85
. The sense of Maqrizi’s account of the defiance and refusal to contemplate a negotiated accommodation, Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 301.

86
. Matthew Paris,
Chronica Majora
, v, 105–6.

87
. Matthew Paris,
Chronica Majora
, v, 160–61; cf. Richard,
St Louis
, pp. 119, 127.

88
. Matthew Paris,
Chronica Majora
, v, 107; vi, 163; cf., v, 116–7 for money sent to Louis from the west. For Arabic hints of the same policy, Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, pp. 294, 299, 300–301.

89
.
Liber Secretorum fidelium Crucis, Gesta Dei Per Francos
, ed. Bongars, vol. 2.

90
. Matthew Paris,
Chronica Majora
, v, 147; for other reactions v, 170–73, 254, 280–81. Cf. trans., R. Vaughan,
Chronicles of Matthew Paris
(London 1984), p. 239, and p. 256 for Italian disturbances.

91
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 241.

92
. The
Chronicon
of St Laud of Rouen, RHGF, xxiii, 395. In general, M. Barber, ‘The Crusade of the Shepherds in 1251’,
Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History
, ed. J. Sweet (Lawrence 1984), pp. 1–23; G. Dickson, ‘The Advent of the
Pastores
(1251)’,
Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire
, 66 (1988), 249–67.

93
. For some primary sources, the chronicles of Primat, John of Colonna and St Laud, RHGF, xxiii, 8–9, 123–4, 395–6; Matthew Paris,
Chronica Majora
, v, 246–54, p. 248 for emphasis on the Lamb as a symbol; Salimbene of Adam,
Chronicle
, ed. and trans. J. L. Baird (Binghampton 1986), p. 453.

94
. Matthew Paris,
Chronica Majora
, v, 253.

95
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 318.

96
. See, apart from Jordan and Richard, J. Le Goff,
St Louis
(Paris 1996).

97
.
Chartes de Terre Sainte provenant de l’Abbaye de Notre Dame de Josaphat
, ed. H.-F. Delaborde (Paris 1880), pp. 105–6, no. L.

98
. Jackson,
Mongols
, esp. pp. 113–28 for a recent survey; cf. Holt,
Age of Crusades
, p. 86–92; Irwin,
Middle East
, pp. 30–36.

99
.
Eracles
, pp. 635–8; Shirley,
Crusader Syria
, pp. 117–19.

100
. For Baibars, Irwin,
Middle East
, pp. 37–61; Holt,
Age of Crusades
, pp. 90–98. The best account of his campaigns is by Ibn Furat,
Ayyubids, Mamluks and Crusaders
, ed. and trans. U. and M. C. Lyons and J. S. C. Riley-Smith (Cambridge 1971).

101
. The best detailed modern narrative is Richard,
St Louis
, pp. 293–332; cf. Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 508–18; Jordan,
Louis IX
, pp. 214–18.

102
. Jal,
Pacta Naulorum
, i, 516 et seq. The main French chronicle accounts are by the St Denis monks Primat, RHGF, xxiii, 39–61 and the associated account by Guillaume de Nangis in his biography of Louis IX, RHGF, xx, 438–62.

103
.
Diplomatic Documents (Chancery and Exchequer)
, i, ed. P. Chaplais (London 1964), no. 419.

104
. Lloyd,
English Society
, chap. 4, ‘The Crusade of 1270–1272: A Case Study’ and Appendix 4 contain the best account of the organization of the expedition; cf. Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 509–13, 515; Richard,
St Louis
, pp. 306–15; Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 124–32.

105
. On these preparations, Richard
St Louis
, pp. 315–29.

106
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 345.

107
. Thomas Wykes,
Chronicon
,
Annales Monastici
, ed. Luard, iv, 217–18.

108
. J. R. Maddicott, ‘The Crusade Taxation of 1268–70 and the Development of Parliament’,
Thirteenth Century England
, ed. P. Coss and S. Lloyd, ii (Woodbridge 1990).

109
.
Eracles
, pp. 457–8.

110
. The Dominican Geoffrey of Beaulieu, RHGF, xx, 20, and generally pp. 20–24.

111
. An aspiration confirmed by Louis’s Dominican confessor Geoffrey of Beaulieu, RHGF, xx, 21, 25.

112
. The pleasing legend is in William of Saint-Pathus,
Vie de St Louis
, ed. H.-F. Delaborde (Paris 1899), pp. 153–5; but cf. Geoffrey of Beaulieu, RHGF, xx, p. 23 and Guillaume de Nangis, RHGF, xx, 460–61, confirmed by the testimony of another eyewitness, one of Louis’s sons, Peter of Alencçon, John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 349; for Geoffrey administering the last rites, Primat, RHGF, xxiii, 57.

113
. Richard,
St Louis
, pp. 329–32; Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 516–17.

114
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 131 and 407; for Edward’s crusade, above note 104 and pp. 720, 722.

115
. Lloyd,
English Society
, pp. 144–8; Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 126–30.

116
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 163, cf. p. 351.

117
. E.g. by the officials of Philip VI in the 1330s.

118
. Mayer,
Crusades
, p. 283; Throop,
Criticism
, p. 232 and passim.

119
. Throop,
Criticism
, pp. 229–30 for the account by James I of Aragon, who was there.

120
. For a discussion of these, Throop,
Criticism
, pp. 69–213; but cf. Siberry,
Criticism of Crusading
, for a different view, on which see Mayer,
Crusades
, pp. 320–21.

121
. Ed. H. Finke,
Konzilienstudien zur Geschichte des 13 Jahrhunderts
(Munster 1891), Anhang, pp. 113–17; trans. N. Housley,
Documents on the Later Crusades 1274–1580
(Basingstoke 1996), pp. 16–21. See the comments of Riley-Smith,
Short History
, pp. 176–8.

122
. Throop,
Criticism
, p. 228.

123
. Gregory X,
Registres
, no. 569.

124
. P. Guido,
Rationes decimarum Italiae nei secoli XIIIe Xiv. Tuscia: la decima degli anni 1274–1290, Studi e Testi
, LVIII (Vatican City 1932), esp. pp. xli – xliii.

125
. Jackson,
Mongols
, pp. 165–95.

126
. Salimbene of Adam,
Chronicle
, pp. 504, 505.

127
. Mayer,
Crusades
, p. 286.

128
. Holt,
Age of Crusades
, p. 102.

129
.
Gestes des Chiprois
, iii, and Crawford,
Templar of Tyre
, chaps, 473 and 474; Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, iii, 405–6.

130
. Above, chapter 22, p. 732; the best Frankish local account is that of the Templar of Tyre, trans. Crawford, chap.
Templar of Tyre
, 396–516.; cf. Ibn Furat,
Ayyubids
.

131
. Ismai il Abu’l-Fida, trans. Holt,
Age of Crusades
, p. 104; for an inside view on the siege of Acre, Crawford,
Templar of Tyre
, chaps. 482–508; cf. Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, iii, 414, note 2 for western sources; Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, pp. 344–50.

132
. Holt,
Age of Crusades
, p. 104.

133
.
Gestes des Chyprois
, iii and Crawford,
Templar of Tyre
, chap. 513.

134
. Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, iii, 423; Mayer,
Crusades
, p. 287.

25: The Eastern Crusades in the Later Middle Ages

1
. J. Moorman,
A History of the Franciscan Order
(Oxford 1968), p. 436.

2
. B. Kedar and S. Schein, ‘Un projet de “passage particulier”’,
Bibliothèque de l’Ecole des Chartes
, 137 (1979), 221; Philippe de Mézières,
Epistre Lamentable
, ed. K. de Lettenhove in Froissart,
Chroniques
, xvi (Brussels 1872), 491.

3
. Philippe de Mézières,
Le Songe du Vieil Pèlerin
, ed. G. W. Coopland (Cambridge 1969); N. Iorga,
Philippe de Mézières (1327–1405) et la croisade au XIVe siècle
(Paris 1896); C. J. Tyerman, ‘Marino Sanudo Torsello and the Lost Crusade: Lobbying in the Fourteenth Century’,
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
, 5th series, vol. 32 (1982), 57–73.

4
. John Froissart,
Chronicles of England, France, Spain etc.
, trans. T. Johnes (London 1839), ii, 584–8; Tyerman, ‘Sanudo’.

5
. Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris), MS Latin 11015 fols. 32 recto–54 verso for Guy’s treatise, fols. 39 recto–41 recto for the section on poisons.

6
. Bongars,
Gesta Dei Per Francos
, ii, 30–31, 36–7, 75–7; F. Cardini, ‘I costi della crociata’,
Studi in memoria di Frederigo Melis
(Naples 1978), pp. 179–210; N. Housley, ‘Costing the Crusade’,
The Experience of Crusading
, i, ed. M. Bull and N. Housley (Cambridge 2003), 48.

7
.
Le Voyage d’Outremer de Bertrandon de la Brocquière
, ed. C. Schéfer,
Recueil de voyages et de documents pour server à l’histoire de la géographie depuis le xiiie jusqu’à la fin du xvie siècle
, xii (Paris 1892), 267–74, esp. p. 274.

8
. Benedetto Accolti,
De bello a Christiani contra Barbaros Gesta
, RHC Occ., v, 532–3 et
seq.; cf. a useful summary, M. Meserve, ‘Italian Humanists and the Problem of the Crusade’,
Crusading in the Fifteenth Century
, ed. N. Housley (Basingstoke 2004), pp. 13–38.