God's War: A New History of the Crusades (168 page)

30
. Waitz,
Chronica Regia Colonensis
, pp. 192–3.

31
. Burchardus Urspergensis, MGH SS, xxiii, 378–9.

32
. E. Baratier, ‘Une Prédication de la croisade à Marseille en 1224’,
Economies et sociétés au moyen age: Mélanges offerts à Edouard Perroy
(Paris 1973), pp. 690–69.

33
. James of Vitry,
Lettres
, p. 77; cf. his own misogynist
exemplum
, from his
Sermones Vulgares
, ed. T. F. Crane (London 1890), p. 56.

34
.
Registro del Cardinale Ugolino d’Ostia
, ed. G. Levi (Rome 1890), esp. pp. 128–33; cf. pp. 7–9, 11–13, 19–24, 101, 109–10, 113–14, 138–40, 152–3; Powell,
Anatomy
, esp. pp. 33–50 (for Courçon’s mission to France), 67–87.

35
.
Ordinatio de predicatione S. Crucis in Angliae
,
Quinti Belli Sacri Scriptores Minores
, ed. R. Röhricht,
Société de l’Orient Latin
, ii (Geneva 1879), vii – x and 1–26; p. 24 for the definition of
exempla
.

36
. Röhricht,
Ordinatio
, p. 22.

37
. C. T. Maier,
Preaching the Crusades
(Cambridge 1994), pp. 118, 173. For Frisian pole-vaulters, J. A. Mol, ‘Frisian Fighters and the Crusade’,
Crusades
, 1 (2002), pp. 107–8.

38
. Powell,
Anatomy
, esp. p. 35 and above, note 26.

39
. Powell,
Anatomy
, pp. 38–9 for a discussion, and refs. at note 22, p. 48; Abbot Gervase of Premontré’s account of popular unease, RHGF, xix, 604–5; Delaborde et al.,
Recueil des Actes de Philippe Auguste
, no. 1360. For the agreement with Genoa for transport by the counts of Nevers and La Marche,
Annales Genuenses
, Rohricht,
Testimonia minora
, p. 238.

40
. E.g. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 217–24.

41
. James of Vitry,
Lettres
, p. 116.

42
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 95–101, 133–44, 180, 201, 205, 211, 227, 329.

43
. For Savaric in Languedoc, and a note of his other crusading exploits, PVC, p. 130 and note 12.

44
. E.g. by Oliver of Paderborn,
Capture of Damietta
, trans. Peters,
Christian Society
, pp. 49–139. (Hereafter Oliver of Paderborn.) (The Latin text is in Hoogeweg’s 1894 Tübingen edition.)

45
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 98–9 and p. 401 notes 49 and 50 for refs.

46
. Frederick’s role is exhaustively discussed in Powell,
Anatomy
, passim.

47
. Powell,
Anatomy
, p. 116.

48
. James of Vitry,
Lettres
, pp. 73–4.

49
. Thomas of Split,
Historia pontificum Spalatensis
, ed. L. von Heineman, MGH SS, xxix, 577–9, for Andrew’s crusade; for the Venice treaty,
Monumenta spectantia historiam Slavorum meridionalium
, i (1868), 29–31; T. Van Cleve, ‘The Fifth Crusade’,
History of the Crusades
, ed. Setton, pp. 387–9; J. R. Sweeny, ‘Hungary and the Crusades’,
International History Review
, 3 (1981), 467–81.

50
. The two main sources are the
Gesta Crucigerorum Rhenanorum
and
De Itinere Frisonum
in Röhricht,
Scriptores Minores
, pp. 29–56 and 59–70.

51
. Oliver of Paderborn, p. 61 and pp. 53–9 for the Palestine campaigns of 1217–18. In general, also, see Röhricht,
Scriptores Minores
and
Testimonia Minora
; for Ibn al-Athir, see the extracts in Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, pp. 255–66, and, for French translation, RHC Or., ii–i, and Abu Shamah’s compilation, RHC Or., v. Powell,
Anatomy
, pp. 128–93 provides a thorough analytical account of the war in Palestine and Egypt with full references to eastern as well as western accounts and some discussion of sources.

52
. Thomas of Split,
Historia
, pp. 578–9.

53
. Mas Latrie
Chronique d’Ernoul
, pp. 414, 436; James of Vitry,
Lettres
, pp. 100, 102; Patriarch Aymar of Jerusalem’s 1199 advice to Innocent III on Damietta, Bongars,
Gesta Dei Per Francos
, p. 1,128.

54
. For this curious incident, J. M. Powell, ‘Francesco d’Assisi e la Quinta Crociata’,
Schede Medievali
, 4 (1983), 68–77; Kedar,
Crusade and Mission
, pp. 126–31.

55
. Oliver of Paderborn, p. 62.

56
. The
Eracles
Continuation of William of Tyre, RHC Occ., ii, 329.

57
. Oliver of Paderborn, pp. 80, 104; cf. p. 115 for his
largesse
on the advance in July 1221.

58
.
Epistolae selectae saeculi XIII
, ed. C. Rodenberg, MGH SS, i, no. 124, pp. 89–91 dated 24 July 1220. For a tabulation of the sums received and sent, Powell,
Anatomy
, p. 100.

59
. RHC Occ., ii, 349.

60
. Oliver of Paderborn, p. 102.

61
. Oliver of Paderborn, pp. 122–3; E. Blochet, ‘Extraits de l’histoire des patriarches d’Alexandrie relatifs au siège de Damiette’,
Revue de l’Orient Latin
, II (1908), 260.

62
. Letter trans. Peters,
Christian Society
, p. 141. Cf. James of Vitry,
Lettres
, pp. 150, 152; Oliver of Paderborn, p. 89.

63
. As emphasized by Oliver of Paderborn, p. 124.

64
. See the convenient table, Powell,
Anatomy
, p. 117 and the discussion pp. 166–72 and 187.

65
. Oliver of Paderborn, pp. 107–8, perhaps somewhat
ben trovato
.

66
. As revealed by James of Vitry,
Lettres
, p. 106; Oliver of Paderborn, p. 65 is modestly reticent.

67
. Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 257.

68
. Powell’s guess,
Anatomy
, p. 148.

69
. Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, pp. 257–8.

70
. RHC Occ., ii, 336.

71
. Oliver of Paderborn, pp. 122, 125; Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 261.

72
. Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, pp. 257–8 and 260.

73
. Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 260; Oliver of Paderborn, p. 108.

74
. The gloom on the Ayyubid side is well captured by Ibn al-Athir, no friend to the dynasty, Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, pp. 257–61.

75
. Oliver of Paderborn, p. 114, figures based on those from the ‘estimators of the army’.

76
. Oliver of Paderborn, p. 105.

77
. Above note 54 and Kedar,
Crusade and Mission
, passim.

78
. Oliver of Paderborn, pp. 85–6; Blochet, ‘Histoire des patriarches’, p. 253;
Eracles
, RHC Occ., ii, 341–2; James of Vitry,
Lettres
, pp. 124–5; Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 260. Cf. Ernoul, p. 435.

79
. Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 262; Oliver of Paderborn, p. 124.

80
. See the end of the first section, addressed to Cologne, finished soon after the fall of Damietta in November 1219, Oliver of Paderborn, p. 89.

81
. James of Vitry,
Lettres
, p. 141.

82
. James of Vitry,
Lettres
, pp. 135, 139; cf. William of Tyre,
History
, bk V, chap. 10.

83
. For these prophetic works and the rumours of ‘David’ and ‘Prester John’, Oliver of Paderborn, pp. 89–91, 112–14; James of Vitry,
Lettres
, pp. 141–53; Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 260; P. Pelliot, ‘Deux passages de la
La Prophétie de Hanna, fils d’Isaac
’,
Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, Mémoires
, 44 (1951), 73–96; cf. J. Richard, ‘L’Extrème-Orient légendaire au moyen âge’,
Orient et Occident
(Paris 1976), no. XXVI; Mayer,
Crusades
, p. 226; Powell,
Anatomy
, pp. 178–9.

84
. Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 264.

85
. Richard of San Germano,
Chronica
, quoted by Powell,
Anatomy
, p. 196. For a survey of other reactions, see Siberry,
Criticism of Crusading
, pp. 34–5, 85–6, 102–3, 107–8, 152–3, 165, 193.

86
. John of Tubia,
De Johanne Rege Ierusalem
,
Scriptores Minores
, ed. Röhricht, pp. 138–9;
Eracles
, RHC Occ., ii, 346, 348–9. Oliver of Paderborn provides a highly sanitized account, pp. 95–7.

87
. Oliver of Paderborn, p. 104.

88
. Oliver of Paderborn, pp. 101–2, 103–4;
Eracles
, RHC Occ., ii, 347, 349; Ernoul, in Röhricht
Testimonia Minora
, 300–301.

89
. Van Cleve, ‘Fifth Crusade’, pp. 422–8; Powell,
Anatomy
, pp. 180–91. Cf. Oliver of Paderborn, pp. 114–34, and the letters recorded by Roger of Wendover, trans. pp. 142–5;
Eracles
, RHC Occ. ii, 350–52; Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, pp. 261–6.

90
. Peters,
Christian Society
, p. 144; cf. a similar image Oliver of Paderborn, p. 123.

91
. Oliver of Paderborn, p. 132.

92
. See below pp. 745–7.

93
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 99–101.

94
. Although some resistance to further preaching was recorded in Germany, H. Hoogeweg, ‘Die Kreuzzpredigt des Jahres 1224’,
Deutsche Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft
, 4 (1890), 72–3.

20: Frontier Crusades 1: Conquest in Spain

1
. Trans. Holt,
Age of Crusades
, p. 27.

2
. Trans. J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, p. 40.

3
. In general, see now J. F. O’Callaghan,
Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain
(Philadelphia 2003); for the myth, P. Linehan,
History and the Historians in Medieval Spain
(Oxford 1993).

4
. R. Fletcher,
Moorish Spain
(London 1992), a very accessible introduction, esp. pp. 35–8, based on R. W. Bulliet,
Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period
(Cambridge, Mass. 1979).

5
. The central study of the crusade bulls from the eleventh to the twentieth century is J. Goni Gaztambide,
Historia de la bula de la cruzada
(Vitoria 1958).

6
. As in R. I. Burns,
The Crusader Kingdom of Valencia
, 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass. 1967) and his other pioneering works on the region.

7
. See texts quoted by O’Callaghan,
Reconquest
, p. 5.

8
. O’Callaghan,
Reconquest
, pp. 185–7.

9
. Quoted, Fletcher,
Moorish Spain
, p. 75.

10
. Glaber,
Historiarum
, pp. 82–5.

11
. D. Wasserstein,
The Rise and Fall of the Party Kings
(Princeton 1985); for a corrective view of Spain and holy war, Bull,
Knightly Piety
.