God's War: A New History of the Crusades (167 page)

31
. See, for example, PVC, pp. 16–22; WP, pp. 23–9.

32
. PVC, p. 19.

33
. Innocent’s letter is translated in J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, pp. 78–80.

34
. PVC, pp. 31–8 for Innocent III’s account; cf.
Song
, p. 13 for the culprit.

35
. PVC, p. 33.

36
. PVC, pp. 31–8.

37
. See papal letters in PL, 215, nos. clvi–clviii; Siberry,
Criticism of Crusading
, p. 107 and note 215.

38
.
Recueil des Chartes de l’abbaye de Cluny
, ed. Bruel, v, nos. 4,452–3, pp. 826–8.

39
. PVC, p. 116.

40
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, p. 164 and ref.

41
. Quoted Riley-Smith,
Oxford History of the Crusades
, pp. 10–11.

42
.
Sigeberti Gemblacensis chronica auctarium Mortui Maris
, ed. G. H. Pertz, MGH SS, vi (Hanover 1844), p. 467.

43
. N. P. Tanner,
Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils
(London and Washington 1990), p. 234.

44
. WP, pp. 35–6, 39;
Song
, p. 32.

45
. PVC, p. 97.

46
. Loc. cit.

47
. Roger of Wendover,
Flores
, ii, 312–13.

48
.
Anecdotes historiques, légendes et apologues d’Etienne de Bourbon
, ed. A. Lecoy de la Marche (Paris 1877), pp. 36–7.

49
. PVC, p. 209.

50
. Translated in PVC, Appendix F, p. 308.

51
. PVC, pp. 250–51 and note 29; Wakefield,
Heresy
, p. 73.

52
. For a clear narrative, Sumption, pp. 77–87.

53
. PL, 216, cols. 97–9.

54
. PVC, p. 56.

55
. PVC, p. 60.

56
. PVC, pp. 44–5 and note 75 and refs.;
Song
, pp. 13–18; WP, p. 32 (misdates Raymond’s overtures to Philip II and Otto IV).

57
. Translated WP, Appendix A, pp. 127–9; for a full discussion in English of the massacre and the sources, PVC, Appendix B, pp. 289–93.

58
. WP, p. 128.

59
. Caesarius of Heisterbach,
Dialogus Miraculorum
, ed. J. Strange (Cologne etc. 1851), i, 302.

60
. WP, p. 128.

61
.
Song
, pp. 19–22; PVC, p. 291.

62
. For a discussion of this, see Barber,
Cathars
, pp. 133–5.

63
. PVC, p. 189, quoting a papal letter of 21 May 1213.

64
. PVC, pp. 299–301, Appendix D, for mercenaries; 144;
Song
, pp. 181–9; WP, pp. 64–5.

65
. PVC, pp. 62–3.

66
. PVC, pp. 84–5, 117, 120; WP, pp. 40–41;
Song
, pp. 41, 48; H. C. Lea,
A History of the Inquisition
(New York and London 1888), i, 162.

67
. PVC, p. 70, 71–2, 163, 237–8 and note 98.

68
. WP, pp. 65–6;
Song
, pp. 181–3.

69
. Quoted by M. Routledge in Riley-Smith,
Oxford History of the Crusades
, p. 109.

70
.
Song
, pp. 26–8; PVC, pp. 55–9 and Appendix C, pp. 294–8; J. R. Maddicott,
Simon de Montfort
(Cambridge 1994), pp. 1–5.

71
. See Innocent III’s letters of January and May, PVC, pp. 186–9, 308.

72
. PVC, pp. 154, 228 and note 50, 232, 234 and note 90.

73
. PVC, p. 95.

74
. WP, p. 58.

75
. PVC, pp. 98–9 and 90–100;
Song
, pp. 34–6.

76
. PVC, pp. 63–4 and note 105.

77
. WP, p. 42, precipitated by the treachery at Castelnaudary in 1211 of William Cat, a former intimate; cf. PVC, pp. 134–5.

78
. Translated PVC, pp. 320–29.

79
. PVC, p. 310; for the correspondence, pp. 308–11.

80
. PVC, pp. 186–9; J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, p. 122.

81
. PVC, pp. 203–17;
Song
, pp. 68–71 and WP, pp. 45–9 are later but informed.

82
. PVC, pp. 242–5.

83
.
Song
, pp. 74–5.

84
. Translated PVC, pp. 311–12.

85
. WP, p. 56.

86
.
Song
, p. 172 (and cf. p. 176 for a wonderfully hostile obituary notice); PVC, pp. 276–7; WP, pp. 61–2.

87
. WP, p. 65.

88
. R. Kay, ‘The Albigensian Twentieth of 1221–3’,
Journal of Medieval History
, vi (1980), 307–16.

89
.
Chronicon Turonense
, RHGF, ed. Bouquet et al., xviii, 314; cf. Siberry,
Criticism of Crusading
, p. 131 and refs. to Honorius III’s letters and bulls.

90
. Its terms are translated in WP, Appendix C, pp. 138–44.

91
. For a useful recent summary, Barber,
Cathars
, pp. 141–75, which has full references.

92
. Wakefield,
Heresy
, pp. 179–89, 193.

93
. WP, pp. 107–8; Barber,
Cathars
, pp. 154–8 and refs.

94
. An incident made famous by E. Le Roi Ladurie,
Montaillou
(Eng. trans. London 1978), a rather misleading work (cf. comments by L. E. Boyle, ‘Montaillou Revisited’,
Pathways to Medieval Peasants
, ed. J. Raftis (Toronto 1981), pp. 119–40); for a scholarly recent discussion of the revival, Barber,
Cathars
, pp. 176–202.

95
. See J. H. Mundy,
Society and Government at Toulouse in the Age of the Cathars
(Toronto 1997).

96
. G. Langlois,
Olivier de Termes: Le Cathare et le croisé
(Toulouse 2001) for a recent study (note 509, p. 269 corrects the date of his death usually cited) and for other ‘Cathar crusaders’, ibid., pp. 121ff; WP, p. 111; Barber,
Cathars
, p. 164; Wakefield,
Heresy
, p. 187 and p. 213 (William Pelhisson’s chronicle: ‘there were at that time [1229] many who had taken the cross to go overseas because of their acts against the faith’).

97
. WP, p. 67 and note 93.

98
. WP, p. 111–12, note 26 and refs.

19: The Fifth Crusade 1213–21

1
. J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, pp. 91–2.

2
. The best modern account is J. M. Powell,
Anatomy of a Crusade 1213–21
(Philadelphia 1986).

3
. On the general phenomenon, M. Clanchy,
From Memory to Written Record
(London 1979).

4
. PVC, p. 50; Legates’ report, WP, p. 127.

5
. Above pp. 525, 530, 540–41, 542, 547, 551–2, 554.

6
. In general, P. Raedts, ‘The Children’s Crusade of 1212’,
Journal of Medieval History
, 3 (1977), 279–323 and, especially, G. Dickson, ‘La Genèse de la croisade des enfants (1212)’,
Bibliothèque de l’Ecole des Chartes
, 153 (1995), 53–102 and idem, ‘Stephen of Cloyes, Philip Augustus and the Children’s Crusade of 1212’,
Journeys towards God: Pilgrimage and Crusade
, ed. B. N. Sarget-Baur (Kalamazoo 1992), pp. 83–105.

7
. PVC, pp. 142, 150–51.

8
. Waitz,
Chronica Regia Colonesis
, p. 234; cf. translation in E. Peters (ed.),
Christian Society and the Crusades 1198–1229
(Philadelphia 1971), p. 36.

9
.
Sigeberti Gemblacenses chronica auctarium Mortui Maris
, ed. W. Pertz, MGH SS, vi, 467;
Annales Admuntenses
, ed. W. Wattenbach, MGH SS, ix, 579–93.

10
. PVC, p. 151; for the Cologne version see note 8 above.

11
. See note 6 above.

12
. For the sources, with stories of heavenly letters and visions of Christ, see Dickson, ‘Stephen of Cloyes’, pp. 84–6 and notes 7, 27, pp. 98, 101.

13
. Wattenbach,
Annales Admuntenses
, p. 592.

14
. See translation in PVC, p. 308.

15
. Quotation from
Quia Maior
, trans. J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, pp. 120–21. The full text is at pp. 119–24.

16
. Robert of Courçon,
Summa
, x, 15, cited by J. W. Baldwin,
Masters, Princes and Merchants: The Social Views of Peter the Chanter and His Circle
(Princeton 1970), ii, 148–9 note 37, and see i, 211; cf. Russell,
Just War
, pp. 225–6 and note 37.

17
. See Innocent’s letter to members of the German clergy,
c.
May 1213, trans. J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, pp. 130–31; for a list of crusaders being kept by one Master Hubert in England, Roger of Wendover,
Flores historiarum
, ii, 323.

18
. J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, pp. 131–2 for Innocent’s correspondence and pp. 134–5 for an example of James of Vitry’s preaching; for the abbot’s letter book, F. Kempf, ‘Das Rommersdorfer Briefbuch des 13 Jahrhunderts’,
Mitteilungen des Österreichischen Instituts für Geschichtsforschung, Erganzungsband
, 12 (1933), 502–71.

19
.
Magna Carta
, Clauses 52, 53 and 57.

20
. On England, Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 135, 136, 139; for Frederick, Powell,
Anatomy
, pp. 3, 23, 74, 75.

21
. PL, 216, col. 830, no. xxxv.

22
. For some of the letters of summons, see PL, 216, cols. 823–31.

23
. Tanner,
Decrees
, p. 234.

24
. Tanner,
Decrees
, pp. 267–71; J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, pp. 125–9.

25
. Delaborde et al.,
Recueil des Actes de Philippe Auguste
, no. 1,360.

26
. Official hostility was reflected in Guillaume le Breton’s comments, R. Röhricht, ed.,
Testimonia Minora de quinto bello sacro
,
Société de l’Orient Latin
, iii (Geneva 1882), 78–9 (trans. Powell,
Anatomy
, p. 35).

27
. Cf. Powell,
Anatomy
, pp. 44–5 and note 50.

28
. The forum for implementing Clause 12, ‘no scutage or aid shall be imposed… unless by the common counsel of our kingdom’, was explained in Clause 14, which details the
composition and summoning of a representative assembly of clerical and lay magnates and all tenants-in-chief.

29
. Oliver of Paderborn,
Die Schriften des Kölner Domscholasters
, ed. H. Hoogeweg (Tübingen 1984), pp. 285–6, the account in a letter to the count of Namur; for other copies circulated, D. U. Baratier, ‘A Propos de Jacques de Vitry’,
Revue Bénédictine
, 27 (1910), 521–4, and for a translation, J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, pp. 135–6; for the story in Oliver’s account of the Damietta campaign, Peters,
Christian Society
, pp. 60–61.