God's War: A New History of the Crusades (175 page)

84
. Housley, ‘Capistrano’, p. 108, for a somewhat different slant.

85
. Housley,
Later Crusades
, pp. 104–5 for a summary; cf. ‘Capistrano’, p. 111

86
. Quoted Housley,
Later Crusades
, p. 108; in general, now, Bisaha, ‘Pius II and Crusade’.

87
. Above, note 86.

88
. Wilkins,
Concilia
, iii, 587–94; see French version at the Burgundian court, Caron,
Vœux du faison
, 167–85.

89
. Bisaha, ‘Pius II and Crusade’, pp. 50–51.

90
. M. Mallett,
The Borgias
(London 1969), p. 92.

91
. Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, p. 467.

92
. Piccolomini to Calixtus III in 1458, quoted Bak, ‘Hungary and Crusading’, p. 119; cf. N. Housley on the
antemurale
image,
Religious Warfare in Europe 1400–1536
(Oxford 2002).

93
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusade
, pp. 315–16.

94
. Jean d’Auton,
Chronique de Louis XII
, ed. R. de Maulde la Clavière (Paris 1889–95), i, 396–7; Tyerman,
Invention of the Crusades
, pp. 95, 152 note 292.

95
. D’Auton,
Chronique
, ii, 166–7.

96
. N. Tanner,
The Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils
(London and Washington, DC 1990), pp. 595, 607, 609–14, 651, 653–4, 796–7.

97
. Setton,
Papacy and the Levant
, iii, 486.

26: The Crusade and Christian Society in the Later Middle Ages

1
. E. Riant,
Pèlerinages des Scandinaves en Terre Sainte
(Paris 1865), p. 398; apparently the Greenlanders paid the crusade tax in walrus tusks.

2
.
The Works of Francis Bacon
, ed. J. Spedding et al., vii (London 1859), pp. 1–36.

3
. Mézières,
Epistre
, pp. 467, 473.

4
.
Archives administratives de la ville de Rheims
, ed. P. Varin ii (Paris 1843), 273–4, 665.

5
. Thomas Walsingham,
Historia Anglicana
, ed. H. T. Riley, Rolls Series (London 1863–4), ii, 95; Paviot,
Ducs de Bourgogne
, pp. 171–2.

6
. Giles de Muisis,
Chronicon majus
, ed. J. J. Smet,
Recueil des Chroniques de Flandres
, ii (Brussels 1841), 216.

7
. Innocent IV,
Registres
, no. 2,644; N. Housley, ‘Politics and Heretics in Italy: Anti-Heretical Crusades, Orders and Confraternities 1200–1500’,
Journal of Ecclesiastical History
, 33 (1982), 193–208; Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 261, 285.

8
.
Chronique parisienne anonyme de 1316 à 1339
, ed. A. Hellot,
Mémoires de la société de l’histoire de Paris
, xi (1885), 29–30; 102–3; X. du Boisrouvray, ‘L’Eglise collégiale et la confrérie du St Sepulchre à Paris 1325–1791’,
Positions des thèses de l’école nationale des chartes
(Paris 1953), pp. 33–5; for full refs., C. J. Tyerman,
The French and the Crusades 1313–1336
(unpublished Oxford DPhil thesis 1981), pp. 138–41.

9
. S. Schein,
Fideles Crucis; The Papacy, the West and the Recovery of the Holy Land 1274–1314
(Oxford 1991), chap. 7, pp. 219–38; Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 240–42; Housley,
Later Crusades
, pp. 27–8.

10
. Hellot,
Chronique parisienne anonyme
, p. 46 and generally pp. 46–8.

11
. John XXII,
Lettres secrètes et curiales relatives à la France
, ed. A. Coulon et al. (Paris 1900–), no. 1,116.

12
. In general, M. Barber, ‘The Pastoureaux of 1320’,
Journal of Ecclesiastical History
, 32 (1981), 143–66; Tyerman, ‘Philip V of France’, 15–34; Tyerman
French and Crusades
, pp. 99–101.

13
. N. Housley, ‘Crusading as Social Revolt: The Hungarian Peasant Uprising of 1514’,
Journal of Ecclesiastical History
, 49 (1998), 1–28; J. M. Bak, ‘Hungary and Crusading in the Fifteenth Century’,
Crusading in the Fifteenth Century
, ed. Housley, esp. pp. 117, 126–7.

14
. The suggestion is that of Dr L. S. Ettre, to whom I am grateful for sharing it.

15
. A. S. Atiya,
The Crusade in the Later Middle Ages
(London 1938), pp. 420, 441, 443, 445, 450, 458, 465–6, 522, 527;
History of the Crusades
, ed. Setton, iii, 85–7, 306–9, 652–3.

16
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 268, 271, 274, 292; St John’s Gate MSS, L. H. Butler Papers, Notes, Calendars and Transcriptions from the Archives of Malta, A. O. M. 356, fols. 232 verso, 237 and 242.

17
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 314–15, 355 and refs.

18
.
Scrope and Grosvenor Controversy
, ed. N. H. Nicolas (London 1832), collated by C. G. Young (Chester 1879), i, 124–5; in general, Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 274, 281, 289, 292, 429 note 91, 431 note 132; cf. M. H. Keen, ‘Chaucer’s Knight, the English Aristocracy and the Crusade’,
English Court Culture in the Later Middle Ages
, ed. V. J. Scattergood and J. W. Sherborne (London 1983), 45–61.

19
. Housley,
Later Crusades
, p. 282.

20
. Sir Thomas Malory,
La Morte D’Arthur
, ed. S. H. A. Shepherd (New York 2004), p. 697; cf. pp. 149 and 689 for Arthur’s own crusading ambitions.

21
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, esp. pp. 304–6.

22
.
Chronique de quartre premiers Valois
, ed. S. Luce (Paris 1852), p. 128.

23
. Tyerman,
England and Crusades
, p. 305; cf. for Burgundian book collection, Paviot,
Ducs de Bourgogne
, pp. 201–38.

24
. See now R. Tzanaki,
Mandeville’s Medieval Audiences
(Aldershot 2003); for crusading Prologue, e.g., M. C. Seymour (ed.),
Mandeville’s Travels
(Oxford 1967), pp. 1–4.

25
. A. Goodman,
The Loyal Conspiracy
(London 1971), pp. 81–2, cf. p. 78 for more
crusade memorabilia. For the Heraclius heraldry, see MS n. 98 in the Royal Academy exhibition 2003–4, ‘Illuminating the Renaissance: The Triumph of Flemish Manuscript Painting in Europe’, by the ‘Master of Edward IV’ (RA Catalogue by S. McKendrick et al., London 2003); for Heraclius as a king of France in the fourteenth century, Bibliothèque nationale de France, ms Fr. 2813,
Grandes Chroniques de France
, fol. 70 verso.

26
. A. Gransden,
Historical Writing in England c. 550 to the Early Sixteenth Century
(London 1974–82), ii, 231–2.

27
. Housley,
Later Crusades
, p. 393; Keen,
Chivalry
, p. 216.

28
. Paviot, ‘Burgundy and Crusade’, p. 73; the 1378 scene was illustrated in the contemporary
Grandes chroniques de France
, Bibliothèque nationale de France, ms Fr. 2813, fol. 473 verso.

29
. Linder,
Raising Arms
.

30
. Linder,
Raising Arms
, p. 102; cf. pp. 363–4.

31
. Linder,
Raising Arms
, p. 359.

32
. Discussed Tyerman,
Invention of the Crusades
, pp. 72–4.

33
. E. g. Lunt,
Financial Relations
.

34
. Tyerman,
Invention of the Crusades
, p. 62.

35
.
The Westminster Chronicle
, ed. and trans. L. C. Hector and B. F. Harvey (Oxford 1982), 32–3 (cf. pp. 34–7 on the sale of indulgences); J. A. Brundage, ‘
Crucesignati
: The Rite for Taking the Cross in England’,
Traditio
, 22 (1966), 289 ff.

36
. Tyerman,
Invention of the Crusades
, pp. 76–83; idem,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 307–9.

37
. M. Andrieu,
Le Pontifical Roman au moyen âge
(Vatican 1940), iii, 30, 228, 243, 330; M. Purcell,
Papal Crusading Policy
(Leiden 1975), p. 200.

38
.
Literae Cantuariensis
, ed. J. Brigstocke Sheppard, Rolls Series (London 1887–9), iii, 239, no. 1,051;
Registrum Abbatiae Johannis Whethamstede
, ed. H. T. Riley, Rolls Series (London 1872–3), ii, 191–2.

39
. Above p. 873.

40
. Trans. Setton,
Papacy and the Levant
, ii, 235.

41
. Above, Chapter 1 and refs.; for Hostiensis,
Suma Aurea
(Venice 1574), pp. 1,141–2; Russell,
Just War
, p. 205.

42
. See Mayer’s acute commentary,
Crusades
, pp. 320–21.

43
. Housley, ‘Crusades against Christians’.

44
. For what follows, S. Lloyd ‘“Political Crusades” in England’, Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, chap. 6, pp. 133–51.

45
. In general, J. R. Strayer, ‘The Political Crusades of the Thirteenth Century’,
History of Crusades
, ed. Setton, pp. 343–75; N. Housley,
The Italian Crusades
(Oxford 1982), who rather avoids some central issues by beginning the study in 1254; the biographies of Frederick II by Van Cleve and Abulafia.

46
. See J. Dunbabin,
Charles I of Anjou
(London 1998).

47
. S. Runciman,
The Sicilian Vespers
(Cambridge 1958).

48
. In general, Housley,
Later Crusades
, chap. 8, pp. 235–66; N. Housley,
The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades 1305–78
(Oxford 1986).

49
. Housley,
Italian Crusades
, p. 137 and note 116 for contemporary contrast with Holy Land crosses.

50
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 333–40 and refs.

51
. Hector and Harvey,
Westminster Chronicle
, pp. 33, 36–7, 39.

52
. John Wyclif,
Polemical Works in Latin
, ed. R. Buddensieg (London 1883), ii, 582.

53
. P. E. Russell,
English Intervention in Spain and Portugal in the Time of Edward III and Richard II
(Oxford 1955), esp. pp. 173–525; J. Edwards, ‘Reconquista and Crusade in Fifteenth-century Spain’,
Crusading in Fifteenth Century
, ed. Housley, p. 167.

54
. Tyerman,
Invention of the Crusades
, p. 103; idem,
England and the Crusades
, p. 359 and note 74; Setton,
Papacy and the Levant
, iii, 1–141 for an exhausting discussion of Julius II.

55
. For a summary, Housley,
Later Crusades
, pp. 249–60 and 482; idem,
Religious Warfare
, pp. 33–61.

56
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 359–67.

57
. Tyerman,
Invention of the Crusades
, p. 103.

58
. Housley,
Religious Warfare
, pp. 195–7.

59
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 343–5, 351–2, 362–7.

60
. R. C. Schwoebel,
The Shadow of the Crescent: The Renaissance Image of the Turk
(Nieuwkoop 1967); J. W. Bohnstedt,
The Infidel Scourge of God: The Turkish Menace as Seen by German Pamphleteers of the Reformation Era
, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia 1968), 1–58; M. J. Heath,
Crusading Commonplaces
(Geneva 1986); Tyerman,
Invention of the Crusades
, pp. 100–109.