Heinrich Himmler : A Life (142 page)

137
. Sauer, ‘Mobilmachung’, 956.

138
. Röhm was shot by the commandant of KZ Dachau, Eicke, and his deputy. Gregor Strasser was murdered by an SS man in a cell in the Gestapo prison in Berlin; see Höhne,
Mordsache Röhm
, 294 ff.

139
. Herbert,
Best
, 156.

140
.
Völkischer Beobachter
, 26 July 1934.

141
. See the summary in Herbert,
Best
, 146.

142
. Browder,
Foundations
, 148 ff.

143
. GStA, Rep 90 P 1, H. 1, Göring to Frick, 5 July 1934. On the same day Göring informed all Oberpräsidenten and Regierungspräsidenten in a radio message that this edict did not apply to the Prussian Gestapo (ibid.); see. Aronson,
Heydrich
, 217 f.

144
. GStA, Rep 90P 1, H. 1, 4 July 1934.

145
. Ibid. also in BAB, R 58/239.

146
. Ibid. letter from Frick dated 7 July 1934, published in Günter Plum, ‘Staatspolizei und innere Verwaltung 1934–1936’,
Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
, 13 (1965), 191–224, doc. no. 2. In his reply of 9 July 1934 (GStA, Rep 90 P 1, H. 1) Göring welcomed the new arrangement without referring to the basic question raised by Frick of the position of the ‘special political police’. There are more toughly worded drafts in this file; the final version is published in Plum, ‘Staatspolizei’, doc. no. 3. See Aronson,
Heydrich
, 219.

147
. GStA, Rep 90 P 1, H. 1, Frick to Göring, 13 July 1934; Frick to the Ober- and Regierungspräsidenten, 16 July 1934, published in Plum, ‘Staatspolizei’, doc. no. 4; see Aronson,
Heydrich
, 219 f.

148
. On the Vienna July putsch see Gerhard Jagschitz,
Der Putsch. Die Nationalsozialisten 1934 in Österreich
(Graz, etc., 1976). For a summary see Sven Felix Kellerhoff, ‘Schüsse am Ballhausplatz. Der Putsch gegen Österreichs Kanzler Dollfuß 1934’, in Alexander Demandt (ed.),
Das Attentat in der Geschichte
(Cologne, etc., 1996), 345–60.

149
. Jagschitz,
Putsch
, 74 ff.

150
.
Tagebücher Goebbels
, 24 June 1934.

151
. Jagschitz,
Putsch
, 81 f.

152
. On the course of the putsch see ibid. 99 ff.

153
. On the Dollfuss myth see ibid. 190 ff.

154
. On the crushing of the putsch see ibid. 130 ff.

155
. Ibid. 145.

156
. Ibid. 179 ff.

157
. Ibid. 82 ff.

158
. Ibid. 184.

159
. A copy of the report is in BAB, NS 19/3633 and 3634 and published as
Die Erhebung der österreichischen Nationalsozialisten im Juli 1934. Akten der Historischen Kommission des Reichsführers SS
(Vienna, etc., 1965).

160
. Erhebung, 69.

1
. On the diplomatic and domestic background to Himmler’s appointment as Chief of the German Police see Browder,
Foundations
, 166 f.

2
. BAB, BDC, Research Ordner 425; see Koehl,
Black Corps
, 109 ff.

3
. Published in Paul Hausser,
Soldaten wie andere auch. Der Weg der Waffen-SS
(Osnabrück, 1967), 232 ff. The edict also stated that up to 25,000 men could be recruited to bolster the political police.

4
. Details in Wegner,
Politische Soldaten
, 94 f.

5
. Ibid. 89.

6
. Ibid. 90.

7
. Ibid. 91; Klaus-Jürgen Müller,
General Ludwig Beck. Studien u. Dokumente zur politisch-militärischen Vorstellungswelt und Tätigkeit des Generalstabschefs des deutschen Heeres 1933–1938
(Boppard a. Rh., 1980), 68; remarks by the RFSS to the head of the Truppenamt on 10 October 1934, ibid. doc. no. 14a, 372 ff.

8
. Müller,
Beck
, 68 ff.

9
. Wegner,
Politische Soldaten
, 92 f.

10
. BAB, NS 15/35.

11
. BAB, NS 31/70, RFSS order of 14 January 1935.

12
. Schulte,
Zwangsarbeit
, 62 ff. On the development of the Administration Office within the SS Main Office see ibid. 45 ff.

13
. Tuchel,
Konzentrationslager
, 159 ff.; Karin Orth,
Das System der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager. Eine politische Organisationsgeschichte
(Hamburg, 1999), 31 ff.; on the camp see Stefanie Endlich, ‘Die Lichtenburg 1933–1939. Haftort politischer Prominenz und Frauen-KZ’, in Wolfgang Benz and Barbara Distel (eds),
Herrschaft und Gewalt. Frühe Konzentrationslager 1933–1939
(Berlin, 2002), 11–64.

14
. Tuchel,
Konzentrationslager
, 184 ff.

15
. Ibid. 187 ff.; Dirk Lüerssen, ‘“Moorsoldaten” in Esterwegen, Bürgermoor, Neusustrum. Die frühen Konzentrationslager im Emsland 1933 bis 1936’, in Wolfgang Benz and Barbara Distel (eds),
Herrschaft und Gewalt. Frühe Konzentrationslager 1933–1939
(Berlin, 2002), 157–210, here 182 ff.

16
. Tuchel,
Konzentrationslager
, 192 ff.; Carina Baganz,
Erziehung zur ‘Volksgemeinschaft’. Die frühen Konzentrationslager in Sachsen 1933–34/37
(Berlin, 2005), 251 ff.

17
. Kurt Schilde, ‘Vom Tempelhofer Feld-Gefängnis zum Schutzhaftlager: Das “Columbia-Haus” in Berlin’, in Wolfgang Benz and Barbara Distel (eds),
Herrschaft und Gewalt. Frühe Konzentrationslager 1933–1939
(Berlin, 2002), 65–81; Udo Wohlfeld, ‘Im Hotel “Zum Großherzog”. Das Konzentrationslager Bad Sulza 1933–1937’, in Wolfgang Benz and Barbara Distel (eds),
Instrumentarium der Macht. Frühe Konzentrationslager 1933–1937
(Berlin, 2003), 263–75.

18
. BAB, NS 19/1447, and GStA, Rep 90 P 13, H. 1, Himmler to the Prussian Finance Minister (referring to the conversation), quoted in Tuchel,
Konzentrationslager
, 309 f., who comments extensively on the document.

19
. BAB, NS 19/4002, speech by Himmler to officials and employees of the Secret State Police Office on 11 October 1934.

20
. BAB, NS 19/4003, speech by the RFSS to the Prussian State Councillors, 5 March 1936: ‘I believe that few people are more aware of just how inadequate the organization of the Secret State Police Office was during the years 1933/34 and still was at the beginning of 1935 than the Prime Minister and I.’

21
. Tuchel,
Konzentrationslager
, 160.

22
. GStA, Rep 90 P 1, H. 1, letter from Göring dated 15 October 1934, Procedural instructions for the Secret State Police, also in BAB, R 58/239; see Aronson,
Heydrich
, 222 f.

23
. GStA, Rep 90P 1, H. 2, 20 November 1934; see Aronson,
Heydrich
, 239.

24
. GStA, Rep 90P 1, H. 2, circular order from Göring, 20 November 1934, also in BAB, R 58/239; see Aronson,
Heydrich
, 223.

25
. Browder,
Enforcers
, 124 ff.

26
. Aronson,
Heydrich
, 202 ff.

27
. Browder,
Enforcers
, 127 and 132 ff.

28
. On the Foreign Department at this time see Thorsten J. Querg,
Spionage und Terror. Das Amt VI des Reichssicherheitshauptamtes 1939–1945
, Phil. Diss. Berlin 1997 [Microfiche], 157 ff. According to Browder,
Enforcers
, 176, Department
III had only 41 staff in 1937. On the early activities of the SD abroad see Höhne,
Orden
, 210 ff. and 259 ff.

29
. Browder,
Foundations
, 175.

30
. Browder,
Enforcers
, 92.

31
. Quoted in Aronson,
Heydrich
, 196 (from the dissolved Slg. Schumacher [BAB]).

32
. BAB, R 58/243, Police Institute Charlottenburg, Organization of the Secret State Police. The service instruction is undated but was issued before Himmler’s appointment as Chief of the German Police.

33
. IfZ, Partei-Kanzlei, circular 24/36 of the Führer’s deputy, 14 February 1936, which repeats the order of the head of the Security Main Office of 8 December 1935.

34
. Browder,
Foundations
, 179, quotes a summary which is in the BAM in Freiburg under file no. Z 518z.

35
. On the whole subject of the relations between military intelligence (the Abwehr) and the Gestapo during the first years of the regime see Browder,
Foundations
, 172 ff.

36
. BAB, R 58/242, minutes of the meeting dated 17 January 1935; see also Browder,
Foundations
, 180 ff.

37
. Browder,
Foundations
, 180 f.

38
. Ibid. 181; GStA, Rep 90 1, H. 2, Blomberg to Pr. Finance Minister and to the Reich and Pr. Interior Minister 22 January 1935, Minutes of the meeting dated 17 January 1935 enclosed; BAB, R 43 II/391, Blomberg’s letter of 1 July 1935.

39
. Browder,
Foundations
, 183; Herbert,
Best
, 184; the agreement was made on 21 December 1936.

40
. BAB, NS 19/3576; Martin Broszat, ‘Nationalsozialistische Konzentrationslager 1933–1945’, in Hans Buchheim
et al
.,
Anatomie des SS-Staates
, 7th edn. (Munich, 1999), 321–445, here 352; Tuchel,
Konzentrationslager
, 108; Browder,
Foundations
, 188.

41
. Browder,
Foundations
, 192 f.

42
.
RVBl
1935, 577 f.; see Browder,
Foundations
, 194.

43
. BAB, NS 19/1447; Tuchel,
Konzentrationslager
, 108 f.

44
. GStA, Rep. 90 P 104, also doc. PS-3751, in
IMT
, vol. 33, pp. 56 ff.; see Aronson,
Heydrich
, 235.

45
. BAB, R 22/1462; Göring sent Himmler’s draft out on 3 May 1935.

46
. GStA, Rep 90 P 2, H. 3, meeting of 27 June 1935; see also BAB, R 22/1462, Gürtner’s minute of 27 June 1935; see Gruchmann, ‘Justiz’, 553 f.

47
. On the persecution of the KPD in this period, Horst Duhnke,
Die KPD von 1933 bis 1945
(Cologne, 1972), 189 ff.; Klaus Mammach,
Widerstand 1933–1939. Geschichte der deutschen antifaschistischen Widerstandsbewegung im Inland und in der Emigration
(Cologne, 1984), 84 ff. and 162 ff.; Allan Merson,
Kommunistischer Widerstand in Nazideutschland
(Bonn, 1999), 82 ff.

48
. GStA, Rep 90 P 104; discussed by Browder,
Foundations, 189 f., and Aronson, Heydrich
, 238 ff.

49
. Duhnke,
KPD
, 190 f.; Merson,
Widerstand
, 157.

50
. Duhnke,
KPD
, 199 f.

51
. Detlev J. K. Peukert,
Die KPD im Widerstand. Verfolgung und Untergrundarbeit an Rhein und Ruhr 1933–1945
(Wuppertal, 1980), 144.