Heinrich Himmler : A Life (141 page)

74
. Ibid. 115.

75
. For a summary of the reasons for Himmler’s success see ibid. 114 f.

76
. On Braunschweig, Hessen, and Saxony see ibid. 111 ff.; on Baden see Stolle,
Geheime Staatspolizei
, 87; Eiber, ‘Führung’, 109 ff., points out that Gauleiter Kaufmann’s control of the political police in Hamburg was such that he was able to delay the systematic persecution of the Social Democrats—in view of the strong position of SPD supporters within the administration—until autumn 1934.

77
. This arrangement lasted until the Bavarian political police was finally incorporated into the Gestapo in 1937. See Ludwig Eiber, ‘Polizei, Justiz und Verfolgung in München 1933 bis 1945’, in Richard Bauer
et al.
(eds),
München—‘Hauptstadt der Bewegung’. Bayerns Metropole und der Nationalsozialismus
(Munich, 2002; 1st edn. 1993), 235–43.

78
. The assertion that Himmler was seeking to create a unified German police force right from the start (Aronson,
Heydrich
, 134; Herbert,
Best
, 137 f.; put in a rather more general way by Browder,
Foundations
, 98 f.) is supported only by the retrospective statements by Best and Eberstein. Significantly, there is no contemporary evidence for it.

79
. On the police in Prussia in 1933 see Browder,
Foundations
, 50 ff.; Tuchel,
Konzentrationslager
, 47 ff. On Daluege’s role see Aronson,
Heydrich
, 75 ff., and Cradle, ‘Honor’, 92 ff.

80
. For details on Daluege’s alienation from Himmler see Aronson,
Heydrich
, 80.

81
. On the formation of the Prussian Gestapo see ibid. 82 ff.; Browder,
Foundations
, 55 ff.; Christoph Graf,
Politische Polizei zwischen Demokratie und Diktatur. Die Entwicklung der preußischen Politischen Polizei vom Staatsschutzorgan der Weimarer Republik zum Geheimen Staatspolizeiamt des Dritten Reiches
(Berlin, 1983), 108 ff.; Tuchel,
Konzentrationslager
, 53 ff. The Law Concerning the Creation of a Secret State Police Office of 26 April 1933 is crucially important, see
PrGS
1933, 122 f.

82
. Browder,
Foundations
, 58 f., provides a number of examples: the head of the Gestapo office in Breslau, Emanuel Schaefer, was an SD member as was his subordinate, Günther Patschowski, whom Schäfer had recruited (see also ibid. 115; BAB, BDC, SS-O Emanuel Schäfer, Assessment by SD-Führer Oberabschnitt South-East dated 12 July 1937); the heads of the Gestapo offices in Frankfurt an der Oder and Aachen, Hans Moebus and Hans Nockermann, joined the SS in summer 1933 (BAB, BDC, SS-O Hans Nockermann, Entry into the SS in summer 1933), the file reveals that he was assigned to the SD from 1 August 1935).

83
. Aronson,
Heydrich
, 68, refers to file no. 464 of the former Sammlung Schumacher in the Bundesarchiv (BAB), which has been dissolved and can no longer be reconstructed.

84
. This refers to the figures in the original plan (Tuchel,
Konzentrationslager
, 46).

85
. Edict of 21 April 33, quoted in Aronson,
Heydrich
, 79, BAB, formerly Slg. Schumacher 464.

86
. Edict of 7 June 1933, quoted in Aronson,
Heydrich
, 71, BAB, formerly Slg. Schumacher 464.

87
. Letter of 25 June 1933, quoted in Aronson,
Heydrich
, 87 f., BAB, formerly Slg. Schumacher 462; for details see Graf,
Politische Polizei
, 179 ff.

88
. GStA, Rep 90 P 1, H. 1, Volk to Göring, 24 March 1934, here also Göring’s minute of approval.

89
. Browder,
Foundations
, 87; GStA, Rep 90 P 2, H.2, Gestapa organizational chart, 22 January 1934: Department V, Sohst, liason officer to the SA, SS, to the RFSS, and to the Schutzpolizei.

90
. For example Guenther Patschowski, hitherto Himmler’s contact in the Silesian Gestapo, whom he appointed head of the new Department IV, Treason and Counter-espionage, in the Gestapa, an office that worked closely with the Reichswehr. Patschowski brought his own staff with him (Browder,
Foundations
, 115 f.; Aronson,
Heydrich
, 156 ff.; for the source see the account by an insider publishing in 1945 under a pseudonym, ‘Heinrich Orb’,
Nationalsozialismus: 13 Jahre Machtrausch
, 2nd edn. (Olten, 1945), 127 f. and 146).

91
. Browder,
Foundations
, 86 f. and 119; Aronson,
Heydrich
, 175; Graf,
Politische Polizei
, 187.

92
. BAB, BDC, SS-O Daluege, Reichsführung-SS, Führungsstab, to Daluege, 2 October 1933, and Daluege’s reply of 3 October 1933 (also in Aronson,
Heydrich
, Dokument 12, 320), in which he clearly expressed his disappointment about this.

93
. See above pp. 156 f. and Browder,
Foundations
, 98 f.

94
. Browder,
Foundations
, 91 ff. On the SD in 1933 see above all Aronson,
Heydrich
, 139 ff.

95
. BAB, BDC, SS-O Heydrich, order of 22 July 1933 with retrospective effect to 19 July 1933; Browder,
Foundations
, 96.

96
. Browder,
Foundations,
96.

97
. IfZ, Party Chancellery Order of 13 November 1933.

98
. Browder,
Foundations
, 97; Aronson,
Heydrich
, 140; BAB, BDC, SS-O Heydrich.

99
. George C. Browder,
Hitler’s Enforcers: The Gestapo and the SS Security Service in the Nazi Revolution
(New York, etc., 1996), 116 f.

100
. Aronson,
Heydrich
, 164.

101
. IfZ, Partei-Kanzlei, Order of 9 June 1934; this arrangement came into effect on 15 July 1934.

102
. Tuchel,
Konzentrationslager
, 78 ff.

103
. Browder,
Foundations
, 88. See also BAB, R 19/423, Complaint from Hinkler who had now been appointed police president in Altona-Wandsbek, 22 December 1933. Daluege wrote to Röhm in this connection (ibid., 23 February 1934) to say that Göring had requested documents from Halle concerning Hinkler’s previous career as a teacher and said ‘that in view of the report on Hinkler provided by two professors from the University of Halle and given that we are old Nazi fighters we must all be considered mad’.

104
. Browder,
Foundations
, 87 ff.; Diels’s promotion occurred on 9 November 1933.

105
. See ibid. 76 ff.; Graf,
Politische Polizei
, 139 ff.

106
. BAB, R 18/5642; significantly a Reich Interior Ministry ‘Memorandum Concerning the Creation of a Secret Reich Police Force and of a Secret Reich Police Office’ was presented to Frick on 19 December 1933.

107
. Law Concerning the Secret State Police of 30 November 1933, in
PrGS
1933, 413; Browder,
Foundations
, 89 f.

108
. Decree Concerning the Implementation of the Law Concerning the Secret State Police of 8 March 1934, in
PrGS
1934, 143; Browder,
Foundations
, 123 f.

109
. Browder,
Foundations
, 121 ff. According to Orb,
Nationalsozialismus
, 85 ff., Behrends knew Heydrich from his period as a naval officer and was devoted to him.

110
. Browder,
Foundations
, 123; on 9 January 1934 Frick had already requested the states to reduce the use of protective custody, and in January Göring had also
issued similar instructions for Prussia (BAB R 58/264, letter of 9 January 1934; see Aronson,
Heydrich
, 183). Göring issued a further order about this in March (BAB, R 58/264, 11 March 1934).

111
. BHStA, Reichsstatthalter Epp 148, Meeting with the Reich Governors, 22 March 1934.

112
. Browder,
Foundations
, 123; Gruchmann, ‘Justiz’, 550; BAB, R 43 II/398, Reich Governor to Prime Minister, 20 March 1934, Wagner’s comment, 13 April 1934.

113
. BAB, R 58/264, edict of 12 April 1934; see Aronson,
Heydrich
, 184.

114
. GStA, Rep 90 P 2, H. 1, 28. April 1934, Göring to Himmler, and Himmler’s reply, 1 May 1934. As part of this compromise Frick also had to accept that Himmler became chief of the political police in the states of Lippe and Schaumburg Lippe, the last two titles that were missing from Himmler’s collection of political police-chief titles (Browder,
Foundations
, 125 f.; NLA, StA Bückeburg, L4/10193/1–2).

115
. Graf,
Politische Polizei
, 208 ff.

116
. BAB, NS 19/4006, Speech to Oberabschnitt North-West, 5 March 1939; similarly in a speech to Oberabschnitt Rhine, 26 February 1939, and in a speech to police officers in Wiesbaden on 27 February 1934 (ibid.). On the SS’s expansion after the seizure of power see Koehl,
Black Corps
, 91 f.

117
. Doc. PS-1992 (A), speech to a Wehrmacht course on national politics from 15 to 23 January 1937, in
IMT
, vol. 29, pp. 206 ff.

118
. Schulte,
Zwangsarbeit
, 77.

119
. BAB, NS 19/4042, 6 February 1934.

120
. Ibid. Himmler order of 9 February 1934 concerning the reorganization of the Reich leadership of the SS.

121
. On Pohl and his switch to the SS see Schulte,
Zwangsarbeit
, 32 ff.

122
. BAB, BDC, SS-O Pohl, letter to Himmler, 24 May 1933.

123
. BAB, BDC, SS-O Pohl.

124
. Reinhard Rürup (ed.),
Topographie des Terrors. Gestapo, SS und Reichssicherheitshauptamt auf dem ‘Prinz-Albrecht-Gelände’. Eine Dokumentation
(Berlin, 1987), 11 ff.

125
. Longerich,
Geschichte der SA
, 206 f.; Wolfgang Sauer, ‘Die Mobilmachung der Gewalt’, in Karl Dietrich Bracher
et al
.,
Die nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung. Studien zur Geschichte des totalitären Herrschaftssystems in Deutschland 1933/34
(Cologne and Opladen, 1960), 685–972, 897 ff.; Heinz Höhne,
Mordsache Röhm. Hitlers Durchbruch zur Alleinherrschaft 1933–1934
(Reinbek b. Hamburg, 1984).

126
. On the history of the SA after the seizure of power see Longerich,
Geschichte der SA
, 179 ff.

127
. Ibid. 204.

128
. Sauer, ‘Mobilmachung’, 948 on Diels (based on his memoirs
Lucifer ante Portas
, 378 ff.) and 948 for Fritsch.

129
. Höhne,
Mordsache Röhm
, 224 ff.

130
. Klaus-Jürgen Müller,
Das Heer und Hitler
(Stuttgart, 1968), 106 f.

131
. Sauer, ‘Mobilmachung’, 951.

132
. Höhne,
Mordsache Röhm
, 226 f.

133
. Ibid. 224 ff.; Herbert,
Best
, 141 f. Best was assigned SD-Oberabschnitt South (Bavaria) and kept his existing function, Oberabschnitt South-West (Baden und Württemberg).

134
. BAB, NS 23/1, 16 May 1934.

135
. Höhne,
Mordsache Röhm
, 228 f.

136
. Vom Woyrsch, the then head of SS-Oberabschnitt South-East, was ordered by Himmler to come to Berlin on 25 June; the head of SS-Abschnitts XXI (Görlitz), Hildebrand, was also present at this interview. Himmler informed the two SS-Führer that an SA revolt was expected and that Silesia was the main centre of the trouble. See IfZ, GM 07.06, Statement by Udo vom Woyrsch, 12 July 1949; charge issued by the public prosecutor at the Osnabrück state court, 21 April 1956; Judgment, 2 August 1957; also Sauer, ‘Mobilmachung’, 955. The date of 28 June 1934 as contained in Herbert,
Best
, is only based on Best’s statements.