Heinrich Himmler : A Life (145 page)

53
. Wildt (ed.),
Judenpolitik
, 38.

54
. Ibid. 34.

55
. See below p. 217 f.

56
. BAB, NS 19/4005, speech in Alt-Rehse (1938). On Himmler’s hatred of Christianity see Josef Ackermann,
Heinrich Himmler als Ideologe
(Göttingen, etc., 1970), 88 ff.

57
. BAB, NS 19/3666, published in Himmler,
Geheimreden
, 50 f.

58
. BAB, NS 19/4009, 9 June 1942, published in Himmler,
Geheimreden
, 145 ff., quotation 159 f.

59
. BAB, NS 19/4009.

60
. BAB, NS 19/4042, 10 January 1934.

61
. IfZ, PS-2204, 15 October 1934 and 25 March 1935.

62
. BAB, NS 19/3901, 20 September 1935, with reference to the earlier order of 15 October 1934. ‘German Christians’ were a group within the Protestant Church sympathetic to the Nazis [trs.].

63
. Friedrich Zipfel,
Kirchenkampf in Deutschland 1933–1945. Religionsverfolgung und Selbstbehauptung der Kirchen in der nationalsozialistischen Zeit
(Berlin, 1965), 108, quotes the order of 18 November 1937 in the BDC.

64
. IfZ, PS-2204, 15 September 1934.

65
. Ibid. minute concerning an interview with Hitler on 23 October 1935. As is clear from the minute of 1 November 1935 (ibid.), eight days later Himmler presented him with an order concerning matters involving the religious confessions, which Hitler approved.

66
. BAB, NS 19/3901, 24 July 1937.

67
. June 1937; published in Jürgen Matthäus
et al.
,
Ausbildungsziel Judenmord? ‘Weltanschauliche Erziehung’ von SS, Polizei und Waffen-SS im Rahmen der ‘Endlösung’
(Frankfurt a. M., 2003), doc. no. 7.

68
. BAB, NS 2/53, Himmler to Pastor Friedrich in Halberstadt, 11 March 1937.

69
. BAB, NS 19/3481, Himmler to Hans Schulze, 14 August 1941.

70
.
Statistisches Jahrbuch der Schutzstaffel der NSDAP 1938
(Berlin, 1939), 99. According to this, on the set date of 31 December 1937 54.2 per cent of SS men were Protestant and 23.7 per cent Catholic. 0.2 per cent were categorized as ‘others’.

71
. BAB, BDC, SS-O Weitzel to Himmler, 30 April 1936, and reply of 2 July 1936.

72
. BAB, NS 19/4004, 18 February 1937.

73
. BAB, NS 2/53, Himmler to Pastor Friedrich in Halberstadt, 11 March 1937.

74
. Speech to the officers of a Grenadier division at the Bitche training camp on 26 July 1944, published in Himmler,
Geheimreden
, 215 ff., quotation 217. See also the RFSS’s speech at the meeting of the NSDAP’s foreign organization in Stuttgart (BAB, NS 19/4005, 2 September 1938): ‘1. I will not put up with anyone in the SS who does not believe in God. 2. I will not tolerate anyone’s feelings being hurt on account of their religious convictions.’

75
. BAB, NS 19/4003, speech at Gruppenführer meeting in Dachau, 8 November 1936.

76
. BAB, NS 10/4007, speech to party comrades after November 1940.

77
. On Hartl see Dierker,
Glaubenskrieger
, 96 ff.

78
. Petra Madeleine Rapp,
Die Devisenprozesse gegen katholische Ordensangehörige und Geistliche im Dritten Reich. Eine Untersuchung zum Konflikt deutscher Orden und Klöster in wirtschaftlicher Notlage, totalitärer Machtausübung des nationalsozialistischen Regimes und im Kirchenkampf 1935/1936
(Bonn, 1981); on the participation of the SD in the preparation of the trials see Dierker,
Glaubenskrieger
, 173 ff.

79
. Hans Günter Hockerts,
Die Sittlichkeitsprozesse gegen katholische Ordensangehörige und Priester 1936/1937. Eine Studie zur nationalsozialistischen Herrschaftstechnik und zum Kirchenkampf
(Mainz, 1971), 4 ff.

80
. Ibid. 12 ff.

81
. Dierker,
Glaubenskrieger
, 178 ff.

82
. Hockerts,
Sittlichkeitsprozesse
, 63 ff.

83
. Dierker,
Glaubenskrieger
, 183 ff.

84
. Oron J. Hale,
Presse in der Zwangsjacke, 1933–1945
(Düsseldorf, 1965), 148 ff.; Dierker,
Glaubenskrieger
, 189 ff.

85
. Dierker,
Glaubenskrieger
, 85 ff.

86
. On the role of the Gestapo in church politics focusing on the Protestant Churches during the years 1935–7, see Dierker,
Glaubenskrieger
, 192 ff.

87
. Ibid. 198 f.

88
. Ibid. 408 f.

89
. On Himmler’s and the SS’s role in church politics during the years 1937–8 see ibid. 407 ff.

90
.
Tagebücher Goebbels
, 15 February 1937. The conversation took place during a railway journey.

91
. Dierker,
Glaubenskrieger
, 335 ff., and 241 f.

92
. BAB, NS 19/688.

93
. Dierker,
Glaubenskrieger
, 336 ff.

94
. BADH, ZB I/668, RFSS’s adjutant’s office to the Security Police Main Office, 30 April 1937.

95
. Dierker,
Glaubenskrieger
, 346.

96
. BADH, ZB I/1686, minute of a meeting on 5 November 1937.

97
. Dierker,
Glaubenskrieger
, 341 ff.

98
. On the persecution of the Jehovah’s Witnesses see Detlef Garbe,
Zwischen Widerstand und Martyrium. Die Zeugen Jehovas im ‘Dritten Reich’
(Munich, 1993).

99
. Ibid. 149 ff.

100
. Ibid. 96 ff.

101
. Ibid. 159 ff.

102
. Ibid. 215 ff.

103
. Ibid. 234.

104
. Ibid. 239 ff.; on the persecution in Baden see also Stolle,
Geheime Staatspolizei
, 226 ff.

105
. Garbe,
Widerstand
, 247 ff.

106
. See the edited volume
Himmlers Hexenkartothek. Das Interesse des Nationalsozialismus an der Hexenverfolgung
, ed. Sönke Lorenz
et al.
, 2nd edn. (Bielefeld, 2000), and in particular the contribution by Jörg Rudolph, ‘“Geheime Reichskommando-Sache!” Hexenjäger im Schwarzen Orden. Der H-Sonderauftrag des Reichsführers-SS, 1935–1944’, 47–97.

107
. Ibid. 56.

108
. Himmler,
Schutzstaffel
, 5.

109
. For more details see Rudolph, ‘Geheime Reichskommando-Sache!’, 52.

110
. Ibid. 84.

111
. Blank reported on it after the war; see
Nordwestdeutsche Hefte
, 3/1 (1948), 3–6.

112
. BAB, NS 19/2963, Kaltenbrunner to Himmler, 18 June 1943, and Brandt to Chief of the Security Police, 26 June 1943.

113
. BAB, NS 19/4013, speech to the Wehrmacht generals on 5 May 1944 in Sonthofen; similarly in his Sonthofen speech of 21 June 1944 (BAB, NS 19/4014).

114
.
RMbliV
1936, cols. 1152 ff., regulations implementing the circular edict on the reorganization of the state criminal police of 20 September 1936, 16 July 1937; Patrick Wagner,
Volksgemeinschaft ohne Verbrecher. Konzeptionen und Praxis der Kriminalpolizei in der Zeit der Weimarer Republik und des Nationalsozialismus
(Hamburg, 1996), 234 ff.

115
. Wagner,
Volksgemeinschaft
, 237.

116
. Ibid. 238.

117
. Ibid. 239 ff.

118
. BAB, R 58/242, edict of Frick on the appointment of inspectors of the security police, 20 September 1936; enclosed are ‘official instructions for the inspectors of the security police’. There is also an overview dated 24 September 1938 of the appointments of inspectors of the security police that had been made by 15 September 1938. Edict and instructions are also in
RMBliV
1936, cols. 1243 f. See also Wagner,
Volksgemeinschaft,
246 f.; Friedrich Wilhelm,
Die Polizei im NS-Staat.
Die Geschichte ihrer Organisation im Überblick
(Paderborn, etc., 1997), 79 ff.

119
. On the Kripo as part of the security police see Wagner,
Volksgemeinschaft, 243 ff
. Both Kripo and Gestapo continued to investigate cases of racial disgrace after Heydrich had ordered that, as a matter of principle, the bulk of these investigations should be handed over to the Kripo (Walk (ed.),
Sonderrecht,
ii. 141, edict of 27 March 1936; Berschel,
Bürokratie,
212 ff.).

120
. Doc. PS-1992 (A), lecture to a Wehrmacht course on national politics from 15 to 23 January 1937, published in
IMT
, vol. 29, pp. 206 ff., quotation 220.

121
. Printed in the booklet
Vorbeugende Verbrechensbekämpfung,
published by the Reich Criminal Police Office (IfZ, Dc 17.02); see also Wagner,
Volksgemeinschaft
, 254 f., and the detailed account in Karl-Leo Terhorst,
Polizeiliche planmäβige Überwachung und polizeiliche Vorbeugungshaft im Dritten Reich. Ein Beitrag zur Rechtsgeschichte vorbeugender Verbrechensbekämpfung
(Heidelberg, 1985), 115 ff.

122
. Wagner,
Volksgemeinschaft,
256 ff.

123
. See in detail ibid. 254 ff.

124
. Ibid. 265 ff.

125
. IfZ, Dc 17.02, collection of edicts concerning the preventive combating of crime; Wagner,
Volksgemeinschaft
, 259. On this whole issue see Terhorst,
Überwachung.

126
. The directives for implementation dated 4 April 1938 (in IfZ, Dc 17.02, collection of edicts concerning the preventive combating of crime) contain a detailed list of the groups who should form the main target of the preventive combating of crime: ‘Beggars, tramps (Gypsies), prostitutes, alcoholics, persons with infectious diseases, particularly sexual diseases, who try to evade the measures taken by the health authorities’, as well as ‘the work-shy and those who refuse work’. See also Wolfgang Ayass, ‘“Ein Gebot der nationalen Arbeitsdisziplin”: Die Aktion “Arbeitsscheu Reich” 1938’, in
Feinderklärung und Prävention. Kriminalbiologie, Zigeunerforschung und Asozialenpolitik
(Berlin, 1988), 43–74, here 53 f.

127
. Ayass, ‘“Gebot”’, 45 ff.

128
. OA Moscow, 500-1-261; published in ‘Das Schicksal der Juden im Saarland 1920–1945’, ed. Hans-Walter Herrmann, in
Dokumentation zur Geschichte der jüdischen Bevölkerung in Rheinland-Pfalz und im Saarland von 1800–1945
, published by the Landesarchivverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz and the Landesarchiv Saarbrücken (Koblenz, 1974), 257–491, here 447 ff.; see Ayass, ‘“Gebot”’, 54 f.

129
. Ayass, ‘“Gebot”’, 67 ff.

130
. Decree to Secure the Labour Requirements for Tasks of Particular Political Importance (
RGBl
1938 I, 652) as well as the decree to implement it of 20 June 1938, both published in Timothy W. Mason (ed.),
Arbeiterklasse und Volksgemeinschaft. Dokumente und Materialien zur deutschen Arbeiterpolitik
1936–1939
(Opladen, 1975), 669 ff. Up to the beginning of the war 800,000 workers were conscripted, particularly for the construction of the West Wall (ibid. 667).