Heinrich Himmler : A Life (147 page)

187
. Hermann Kaienburg,
Das Konzentrationslager Neuengamme 1938–1945
, published by the KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme (Berlin, 1997).

188
. On KZ Ravensbrück see Annette Leo, ‘Ravensbrück-Stammlager’, in Wolfgang Benz and Barbara Distel (eds),
Der Ort des Terrors. Geschichte der
nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager
, vol. 4:
Flossenbürg, Mauthausen, Ravensbrück
(Munich, 2006), 473–520; Bernhard Strebel,
Das KZ Ravensbrück. Geschichte eines Lagerkomplexes
(Paderborn, etc., 2003).

189
. Doc. PS-1992 (A), lecture to a Wehrmacht course on national politics, 15–23 January 1937, published in
IMT
, vol. 29, pp. 206 ff., quotation 222.

190
. Orth,
System
, 32 and 38 f.

191
. Ibid. 40 ff.

192
. Doc. PS-1992 (A), published in
IMT
, vol. 29, pp. 206 ff., quotation 217.

193
. BAB, NS 19/4004, speech at a Gruppenführer meeting in Munich in the leaders’ quarters of the SS-Standarte Deutschland, 8 November 1937.

194
. Hermann Kaienburg,
‘Vernichtung durch Arbeit’. Der Fall Neuengamme. Die Wirtschaftsbestrebungen der SS und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Existenzbedingungen der KZ-Gefangenen
(Bonn, 1990), 72.

195
. Schulte,
Zwangsarbeit
, 103 ff.

196
. On the date when the agreement was made see ibid. 112. It is no longer possible to discover who took the initiative, Speer or Himmler (details ibid. n. 86).

197
. Ibid. 114 ff.; on these businesses see also Hermann Kaienburg,
Die Wirtschaft der SS
(Berlin, 2003), 454 ff., and Michael Thad Allen,
The Business of Genocide: The SS, Slave Labor, and the Concentration Camps
(Chapel Hill, NC, 2002), 58 ff.

198
. There are overviews of prisoner conditions in Drobisch and Wieland,
System
, 106 ff. and 205 ff., and in Orth,
System
, 54 ff.

199
. BAB, NS 19/1542, letter to Gürtner, 16 May 1938.

200
. Ibid. 31 May 1939. On the hanging of Emil Bargatzky on 4 June 1938 see Stein, ‘Buchenwald-Stammlager’, 336.

201
. Doc. PS-1992 (A), lecture to a Wehrmacht course on national politics, 15–23 January 1937, published in
IMT
, vol. 29, pp. 206 ff.

202
. BAB, NS 19/4006, 29 January 1939.

203
. Kaienburg, ‘Sachsenhausen-Stammlager’, 48.

204
. Doc. PS-1992 (A), lecture to a Wehrmacht course on national politics, 15–23 January 1937, published in
IMT
, vol. 29, pp. 206 ff., quotation 221. For references to Himmler’s visits to concentration camps see BAK, NL 1126/7, diary entry for 15 February 1935 (KZ Lichtenburg). According to Drobisch and Wieland, Himmler also visited Lichtenburg at the end of May 1938,
System
, 303. According to Wildt, ‘Terminkalender’, Himmler was in Sachsenhausen on 30 September 1937.

205
. Walter Janka,
Spuren eines Lebens
(Berlin, 1991), 60 ff. BAK, NL 1126/7, diary entry of 16 February 1935: Sachsenburg. On this visit see Baganz,
Erziehung,
278.

206
. Blank, ‘Hakenkreuz’, 3. Blank dates the visit to 10 October 1942. On the dating see BAB, NS 19/3959.

207
. Account by retired Landtag deputy Ludwig Soswinski, published in Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen Widerstandes, ‘
Anschluβ’ 1938. Eine Dokumentation
, ed. Heinz Arnberger
et al.
(Vienna, 1988), 539 f.

208
. Reinhard Vogelsang,
Der Freundeskreis Heinrich Himmler
(Göttingen, etc., 1972), 88 f.; Drobisch and Wieland,
System
, 303 f.; NS 19/1396, note for Himmler concerning the planned visit by journalists, 1 March 1938.

209
. Wegner,
Politische Soldaten
, 112.

210
. Ibid. 97.

211
. Ibid. 103.

212
. Orth,
System
, 62 f.

213
. BAB, NS 19/1652, Führer edict of 17 August 1938 concerning the armed units of the SS; words added: draft of 3 June 1938 with alterations made by Himmler on 10 June 1938; Wegner,
Politische Soldaten
, 112 ff.

214
. Doc. PS-1992 (A), lecture to a Wehrmacht course on national politics, 15–23. January 1937, published in
IMT
, vol. 29, pp. 206 ff., quotation 231.

215
. Ibid. 228.

216
. Himmler,
Geheimreden
, 25 ff., quotation 31.

217
. Wegner,
Politische Soldaten
, 104.

218
. BAB, NS 19/4005, Speech to a Gruppenführer meeting in Munich, 8 November 1938.

219
. Wegner,
Politische Soldaten
, 120 ff. The author shows in detail how this restriction could be got round.

220
. Ibid. 124 f.; Charles W. Sydnor,
Soldaten des Todes. Die 3. SS Division ‘Totenkopf’ 1933–1945
(Paderborn, etc., 2002), 30 f.

221
. BAB, NS 19/4005, speech to a Gruppenführer meeting in Munich, 8 November 1938.

222
. The post of Higher SS and Police Leader was created by a decree of the Reich Interior Minister’s of 13 November 1937 (BAB, NS 19/2850, here also further orders affecting the HSSPF). Ruth Bettina Birn has researched them thoroughly in
Die Höheren SS- und Polizeiführer. Himmlers Vertreter im Reich und in den besetzten Gebieten
(Düsseldorf, 1986).

223
. Speech of 8 November 1938, in Himmler,
Geheimreden
, 25 ff., quotation 26.

224
. On the creation of the HSSPF see Birn,
Die Höheren SS- und Polizeiführer
, 10 ff.

225
. Wilhelm,
Polizei
, 93 ff. This was the purpose of the following edicts of the RFSSuChdDtPol: 18 January 1938, in
RMBliV
1938, cols. 157 ff.; 24 March 1938, in
RMBliV
1938, col. 537 (after the Anschluss with Austria); 4 March 1938, in
RMBliV
1938, cols. 390 f.; 23 June 1938, in
RMBliV
1938, cols. 1089 ff. (for the security police); 12 November 1940, in
RMBliV
1940, col. 2167 (further concessions on admission to the SS for members of the order police).

226
. Buchheim, ‘SS’, 102.

227
. Edict of the RFSSuChdDtPol of 10 May 1937, announcement of a Führer decision of 16 January 1937, in
RMBliV
1937, col. 758.

228
. Werner Best,
Die deutsche Polizei
(Darmstadt, 1940), 96.

229
. Buchheim, ‘SS’, 111 f.

230
. See below pp. 353 ff.

231
. See below p. 312.

232
.
RMBliV
1938, col. 2132a, Order of the RFSSuChdDtPol, 12 December 1938.

233
. See below pp. 485 ff.

234
. BAB, NS 19/4004, 16 January 1937.

1
.
Statistisches Jahrbuch 1937
, 15;
Statistisches Jahrbuch 1938
, 16.

2
.
Statistisches Jahrbuch 1938
, 107.

3
. BAB, NS 19/4003, speech at the Gruppenführer meeting in Dachau, 8 November 1936.

4
. BAB, NS 19/4005, speech at the Gruppenführer meeting in Munich, 8 November 1938.

5
. BAB, NS 19/4007, speech to the officer corps of the Leibstandarte on the evening of the Metz conference, 7 September 1940, published as doc. PS-1918, in
IMT
, vol. 29, pp. 98 ff., quotation 107.

6
. Mayerhofer, ‘Der Sippenorden’,
SS-Leitheft
, 9/2 (1943), 14–17. On the SS as an order see Ackermann,
Himmler
, 97 ff.

7
. BAB, NS 19/4003, speech of 8 November 1936. On 18 February 1937 he declared to the Gruppenführer that his intention was, ‘perhaps in a decade to bring together SS und police in one body’ (NS 19/4004). On 8 November 1937, in his speech to the Gruppenführer on the occasion of the second year of his ‘Ten-Year Plan’, he expressed the hope ‘that in ten years we shall be an order and not only an order of men but an order of clan communities’ (NS 19/4004, final passage, also published in Himmler,
Geheimreden
, 61).

8
. Buchheim, ‘SS’, 201 ff.;
Dienstkalender
, 33 ff. (esp. the Personal Staff).

9
. BAB, NS 19/3901, SS order of 9 November 1936.

10
. Elisabeth Kinder, ‘Der Persönliche Stab Reichsführer-SS. Geschichte, Aufgaben und Überlieferung’, in Heinz Boberach and Hans Booms (eds),
Aus der Arbeit des Bundesarchivs. Beiträge zum Archivwesen, zur Quellenkunde und Zeitgeschichte
(Boppard a. Rh., 1977), 379–97, 383.

11
. Kinder, ‘Der Persönliche Stab’, 381.

12
. BAB, NS 19/3901, Order concerning the reorganization of the system of command within the whole of the SS. The intention was to guarantee uniform command arrangements in the regions by subordinating the SDOberabschnitte and the Race and Settlement Office to the Oberabschnittsführer in each case.

13
. BAB, NS 2/3 Order from the chief of the RuSHA 19/35, 10 April 1935; cf. Heinemann,
Rasse
, 69 f.

14
. Heinemann,
Rasse
, 99; BAB, NS 2/86, order of the RFSS of 1 August 1938.

15
. Buchheim, ‘SS’, 202 f. On the administration of the SS in this period see Schulte,
Zwangsarbeit
, 62 ff.

16
. Aronson,
Heydrich
, 202 ff.

17
. For a detailed account see Schulte,
Zwangsarbeit
, 247 ff.

18
. Buchheim, ‘SS’, 205.

19
. Schulte,
Zwangsarbeit
, 76 ff.; further details can be found in BAB, NS 3/465 and 468, SS budget plans for 1935 and 1938. In 1935 the General SS received more than a million Reich marks in the form of membership dues and extraordinary payments by non-party comrades in the SS; in 1938 840,000 Reich marks were expected. Payments by sponsoring members amounted to 5,544,000 Reich marks in 1935, 4,800,000 in 1936 and 1937, and then 3,960,000 in 1938.

20
. Vogelsang,
Freundeskreis
, 22 ff.

21
. BAB, BDC, SS-O Keppler.

22
. Vogelsang,
Freundeskreis
, 52 ff.

23
. On the meetings see ibid. 78 ff.

24
. Ibid. 136.

25
. Ibid. 88 f., also Wildt, ‘Terminkalender’, 681.

26
. Vogelsang,
Freundeskreis
, 92 ff.; draft speech for 12 Dezember 1943 (IfZ, NO 5637).

27
. A list is printed in the appendix to Vogelsang,
Freundeskreis
, 139 ff., taken from IfZ, NI 9971. In Himmler’s appointments calendar for 8/9 February 1937 there is the first known list with 38 names, to which Wildt (‘Terminkalender’, 679) alludes.

28
. Vogelsang,
Freundeskreis
, 108 ff.