Heinrich Himmler : A Life (178 page)

63
. Broszat,
Polenpolitik
, 154.

64
. Edict of 10 August 1943; Kaltenbrunner quotes this order in an edict of 5 April 1944 (doc. PS-3855, in
IMT
, vol. 33, pp. 243 ff.); see Black,
Kaltenbrunner
, 152.

65
. Doc. PS-1650, published in
IMT
, vol. 27, pp. 425 ff.; see Black,
Kaltenbrunner
,152.

66
. Michel Abitbol,
Les Juifs d’Afrique du Nord sous Vichy
(Paris. 1983); Klaus-Michael Mallmann and Martin Cüppers,
Halbmond und Hakenkreuz. Das Dritte Reich, die Araber und Palästina
(Darmstadt, 2006), 199 ff.

67
. On Jewish persecution in France after the occupation of the southern zone see Klarsfeld,
Vichy
, 193 ff., and Susan Zuccotti,
The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews
(New York, 1993), 166 ff.

68
. Klarsfeld,
Vichy
, 200 ff.

69
. On the history of the Italian Jews under Fascism see Susan Zuccotti,
The Italians and the Holocaust: Persecution, Rescue, and Survival
(New York, 1987); Meir Michaelis,
Mussolini and the Jews: German–Italian Relations and the Jewish Question in Italy, 1922–1945
(Oxford, 1978).

70
. Müller to Bergmann, Foreign Ministry, 25 February 1943, with a quote from Himmler’s letter to Ribbentrop, 29 January 1943, published in Klarsfeld,
Vichy
, 495 ff.

71
. IfZ, NG 4956, telex Special Train Westphalia to Wolff; German Department’s reply of 24 February 1943.

72
. Hagen Fleischer,
Im Kreuzschatten der Mächte: Griechenland 1941–1944
, 2 parts, (Frankfurt a. M., 1986), Part 1, p.273.

73
. Chary,
Bulgarian Jews
, 129 ff. See also Nir Baruch,
Der Freikauf. Zar Boris und das Schicksal der bulgarischen Juden
(Sofia, 1996), 103 ff., and Dieter Ruckhaberle and Christiane Ziesecke (eds),
Rettung der bulgarischen Juden—1943. Eine Dokumentation
(Berlin, 1984).

74
. Chary,
Bulgarian Jews
, 178 ff., 197 ff., and 224 ff.

75
. PAA, The office of the state secretary Bulgaria 5, Ribbentrop to Beckerle, 4 April 1943; see also Chary,
Bulgarian Jews
, 269 f.

76
. Adler,
Mensch
, 224 ff.

77
. IfZ, NO 1882, Himmler to Krüger, 11 January 1943.

78
. BAB, NS 19/1740; see also Himmler’s instruction to Krüger, 16 February 1943 (ibid.).

79
. Arad,
Belzec
, 392; Yisrael Gutman,
The Jews of Warsaw, 1939–1943: Ghetto, Underground, Revolt
(Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1989), 307 ff.

80
. Stroop gave Himmler a report illustrated with photographs in which he had proudly documented his destructive activities under the motto: ‘A Jewish district in Warsaw no longer exists!’ (Stroop Report, doc. PS-1061, published in
IMT
, vol. 30, pp. 357–472).

81
. BAB, NS 19/2648, 12 May 1943; see also Himmler’s minute of 10 May 1943, in which he emphasized that the ‘evacuation of the remaining 300, 000 Jews in the General Government’ must be carried out ‘with the greatest speed’ (published in
Faschismus, Ghetto, Massenmord
, 354 f.); see also Sandkühler,
‘Endlösung’
, 197.

82
. Präg and Jacobmeyer (eds),
Diensttagebuch
, 31 May 1943; see also Himmler’s telephone notes of 20 May 1943: ‘Jewish evacuation’ (BAB, NS 19/1440).

83
. Pohl,
Ostgalizien
, 246 ff.; Sandkühler,
‘Endlösung’
, 194 ff.

84
. Katzmann report to Krüger, 30 June 1943, published in
Faschismus, Ghetto, Massenmord
, 358 ff.

85
. BAB, NS 19/1432, Himmler note of 22 June 1943 concerning the meeting.

86
. BAB, NS 19/1740, Himmler to Pohl and Kaltenbrunner, 11 June 1943. ‘A large park’ was to be created on the land of the former ghetto.

87
. BAB, NS 19/1571, Himmler order of 5 July 1943, which he withdrew on 20 July 1943 following objections from Pohl and Globocnik (ibid. message from Brandt of 20 July 1943); however, only four days later he renewed the order, see Schelvis,
Sobibór
, 173 f.

88
. Pohl,
Lublin
, 160. Pohl, Krüger, and Globocnik agreed on the takeover of the camp on 7 September 1943 (Pohl note from the same date, IfZ, NO 599, published in
Faschismus, Ghetto, Massenmord
, 459 f.).

89
. IfZ, NO 1036, minute concerning the transformation of the forced labour camps of the SSPF into KZ, 19 January 1944.

90
. Steinbacher, ‘
Musterstadt
’, 296.

91
. Ibid. 300 ff.

92
. In September 1943 Himmler distanced himself from this order but renewed it again in December.

93
.
Faschismus, Ghetto, Massenmord
, 369 f., Greiser to Pohl, 14 February 1944. Here reference is also made to Himmler’s order of 11 June 1944 to transform the ghettos, of which the original has not been found. See in detail Michael Alberti,
Die Verfolgung und Vernichtung der Juden im Reichsgau Wartheland 1939–1945
(Wiesbaden, 2006), 472 ff.

94
. Alberti,
Verfolgung
, 473 f.

95
. Arad,
Belzec
, 396; Sara Bender, ‘The “Reinhardt Action” in the “Bialystok District”’, in Freia Anders (ed.),
Bialystok in Bielefeld. Nationalsozialistische Verbrechen vor dem Landgericht Bielefeld 1958–1967
(Bielefeld, 2003), 186–208, at 204 ff.

96
.
Enzyklopädie des Holocaust. Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden
, 3 vols., edited under the auspices of Yad Vashem etc., main editor Israel Gutman; German edition ed. Eberhard Jäckel, Peter Longerich, and Julius H. Schoeps (Berlin, 1993), Bialystok article. On the background see Sara Bender, ‘From Underground to Armed Struggle: The Resistance Movement in the Bialystok Ghetto’,
Yad Vashem Studies
, 23 (1993), 145–71.

97
. Gerlach,
Morde
, 739; Jakow Suchowolskij, ‘Es gab weder Schutz noch Erlösung, weder Sicherheit noch Rettung. Jüdischer Widerstand und der Untergang des Ghettos Glubokoje’,
Dachauer Hefte
, 20 (2004), 22–38.

98
. On Treblinka and Sobibor see Reuben Ainsztein,
Jüdischer Widerstand im deutschbesetzten Osteuropa während des Zweiten Weltkrieges
(Oldenburg, 1993), 396 ff.

99
. On the district of Lublin see Helge Grabitz and Wolfgang Scheffler (eds),
Letzte Spuren. Ghetto Warschau, SS-Arbeitslager Trawniki, Aktion Erntefest. Fotos und Dokumente über Opfer des End lösungswahns im Spiegel der historischen Ereignisse
, 2nd rev. edn. (Berlin, 1993), 328 ff. In the district of Cracow the forced labour camps, Szebnie and Plaszow, were affected, on 19 November all the prisoners in the Lemberg camp, Janowska’ in the district of Galicia were shot (on the district of Galicia see Jan Erik Schulte, ‘Zwangsarbeit für die SS. Juden in der Ostindustrie GmbH’, in Norbert Frei (ed.),
Ausbeutung, Vernichtung, Öffentlichkeit. Neue Studien zur nationalsozialistischen Lagerpolitik
(Munich, 2000), 43–74, 69).

100
. The original order was dated 2 April and envisaged the retrospective establishment of a ghetto in Riga on 13 März (OA Moscow, 504-2-8). See in detail Angrick and Klein,
‘Endlösung’
, 382 ff.

101
. IfZ, NO 2403. Apart from Bach-Zelewski, among others HSSP Russia-North, Prützmann, HSSPF East, Krüger, the head of the RSHA, Kaltenbrunner, the head of the WVHA, Pohl, and the head of the Commando Staff of the RFSS, Knoblauch, took part in the meeting.

102
. On 13 August 1943 Himmler restricted the employment of Jews by an order that the OKH made ‘binding for the whole of the Army in the field’ (BAB, NS 2/83). It was not permitted to use Jews for office work or for ‘personal service’ (IfZ, NOKW 2368, Kriegstagebuch Oberkommando 3 Panzer-Army, Quartermaster 2, 4 November 1943); see also Gerlach,
Morde
, 739.

103
. Avraham Tory,
Surviving the Holocaust: The Kovno Ghetto Diary
, edited and introduced by Martin Gilbert (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1990); Alfred Streim, ‘Konzentrationslager auf dem Gebiet der Sowjetunion’,
Dachauer Hefte
, 5 (1989), 174–87, at 176;
Enzyklopädie
, ‘Kowno’ article.

104
. Yitzhak Arad,
Ghetto in Flames: The Struggle and Destruction of the Jews in Vilna in the Holocaust
(Jerusalem, 1980), 401 ff.

105
. Streim, ‘Konzentrationslager’, 177 f.;
Enzyklopädie
, ‘Vaivara’ article.

106
. Gerlach,
Morde
, 739 ff.

107
. PAA, Inland IIg 194, correspondence between the Foreign Ministry and the embassy, March–April; see also Hilberg,
Vernichtung
, 764; according to Czech,
Kalendarium
, the trains arrived in Auschwitz on 7 and 13 May.

108
. IfZ, NG 4407, 29. June 1943. The ambassador, Hanns Elard Ludin, reported to the Foreign Ministry in June that ‘the evacuation of the Jews from Slovakia’ was ‘at the moment at a standstill’.

109
. Published in Klarsfeld and Steinberg (eds),
Endlösung
, 70.

110
. Wetzel, ‘Frankreich und Belgien’, 30.

111
. CDJC, XXVII–17, Hagen to Röthke, 16 June 1943, published in Klarsfeld,
Vichy
, 535.

112
. Ibid. 256.

113
. CDJC, XXVI–35, Hagen minute, 11 August 1943, published in ibid. 550 ff.; XXVI-36, Röthke minute, 15 August 1943, concerning the meeting on the previous day, published in ibid. 551 ff.; see also the account in ibid. 262 ff.

114
. CDJC, XXVII-33, Office of the Head of State to Fernand de Brinon, the Vichy government’s representative in Paris, 24 August 1943, published in ibid. 556; see also the account in ibid. 270.

115
. Express letter from the RSHA dated 17 October 1939, published in IfZ, Dc 17.02, collection of edicts concerning the preventive combating of crime; see Zimmermann,
Rassenutopie
, 167 ff.

116
. Zimmermann,
Rassenutopie,
168.

117
. Express letter of 27 April 1940, signed Himmler, published in IfZ, Dc 17.02, collection of edicts concerning the preventive combating of crime. On the deportations in May see Zimmermann,
Rassenutopie
, 172 ff.

118
. Zimmermann,
Rassenutopie
, 186, quoting in this context a letter from the office of the Governor-General of 3 August 1940, which is in the Lublin state archive.

119
. Ibid. 186, based on the files in the Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe.

120
. On the details see ibid. 176 ff.

121
. BAB, NS 19/2655, 10 October 1941, reply to the letter from Uebelhoer of 4 October (ibid.); see Zimmermann,
Rassenutopie
, 223 ff.

122
.
Dienstkalender
.

123
. Ibid. 20 April 1942, quoting a circular edict of the BdO in the General Government From the OA Moscow.

124
. Zimmermann,
Rassenutopie
, 275 and 315, quoting the order of the BdS Ostland of 19 October 1942 and emphasizing Himmler’s role in ordering this measure.

125
. Ibid. 297 f.

126
. IfZ, NO 1725, 16 September 1942; Zimmermann,
Rassenutopie
, 297