How the West Won: The Neglected Story of the Triumph of Modernity (85 page)

Freeman, Charles,
29

free markets: capitalism and,
131

free will: abolition of European slavery and,
119
,
121–26
; in Judaism and Christianity,
120–21
; rise of the West and,
119

Fremantle, Anne,
70

French Empire,
364

French Revolution,
5

Fried, Morton,
236

Fritze, Robert,
208

Frobisher, Martin,
226

Fugger, Jakob,
255

Fulk III of Anjou,
117

fulling and fulling mills,
187–88

Fulton, Robert,
332–33

Galerius,
59

Galileo Galilei,
303
,
305
,
306
,
318–20

galleass,
293–94

galleons,
195–96
,
360

galleys,
195
,
292–94

Gallienus,
58–59

Gama, Vasco da,
204
,
208–9

Gaul and Gauls,
48
,
49
,
56

Gay, Peter,
230

Genoa: democracy and,
128–29
; naval strength in the Middle Ages,
194–95

genocide: New World colonialism and,
237
.
See also
atrocities

gentry,
314

geography: in the Age of Discovery,
200–203

Georgetown University,
353

Georgia,
301

Germanic tribes: chain-mail armor,
84
; economic civilization,
73
; manufacturing and trade,
80–82
; “Romanization,”
64–65
; slavery and,
122
; Tacitus on,
80–81
; technological progress,
76–80
.
See also
Dark Ages

German mercenaries,
288–89

Germany: conflicts with Charles V and Spain,
244
; Free Imperial Cities and the Reformation,
272
,
274
; mass piety and the Reformation,
275–77
; railroads,
331–32
; religious wars,
277

Gesta Francorum,
105

Ghāzān,
300–301

Gibbon, Edward,
60
,
61
,
70
,
89

Gilfillan, S. C.,
80

Gil, Moshe,
297

Gimpel, Jean,
43
,
76
,
78
,
79

Giordano, Fra,
41

gladiators,
54–55

Goa,
209

God: Christian conceptualization as a rational creator,
39–40
; Christian theology and,
160–62
; Greek concepts of,
27
,
28
,
37
; Jewish concept of,
33
,
35
; modernity and the Christian notions of God,
45
; reason and,
41–42

Godfrey of Bouillon,
103
,
104
,
106
,
108

gold: pirates and privateers,
244–47
; taken from American by the Spanish,
242–43

Golden Hind
(ship),
247
,
360

Gomes, Diogo,
208

Goodenough, Erwin R.,
35

Gordon, Charles,
365

Gothic architecture/cathedrals,
83
,
147

Goths,
57
,
60
,
64
,
65–66

Gottfried, Robert S.,
155

Government Favoritism Index,
277–78

Grace Dieu
(ship),
195

grammar schools,
347

“Grand Strategy” (Roman),
62–64

Grant, Edward,
162
,
165
,
167
,
312

Grant, Michael,
15

Grassi, Orazio,
318

Great Britain: agricultural productivity,
341
; Atlantic trade and the rise of the bourgeoisie,
344–45
; bankruptcy laws,
350
; child labor,
335
; coal energy,
343
; cotton industry,
326–27
; emigration to North America,
260
,
353
,
354
; expansion of education,
346–47
; fertility rates prior to 1700,
342
; Industrial Revolution and,
325
,
326–27
,
340
(
see also
Industrial Revolution); iron industry,
328–29
; labor costs,
342–43
; liberty and property rights in,
340–41
; nobility and commerce,
345–46
; patents,
349
; principles of Western warfare and,
18
; railroads,
329–31
; rise of bourgeois society,
340–47
; steam engines,
327–28
; steamships,
360
,
361
; urbanization and agriculture,
333–34
.
See also
England

Great Britain
(steamship),
360

Great Khan,
201

Greco-Roman culture: arts and letters,
51–52
; religion and gods,
50–51
; sports and entertainment,
54–55
; technology,
53–54

Greek civilization: the arts,
21–22
; city-states,
14
; conceptions hostile to science,
316
; democracy,
18–19
; economics,
20–21
; geography of,
14–15
; Judaism and,
33–35
; knowledge of geography,
200
; literacy,
21
; moral limitations of,
29–30
; overview of the Greek “miracle,”
13–15
,
32
; rationalism,
24–28
; Roman conquest of,
32
; slavery,
121–22
; technology,
23–24
; warfare,
15–18
,
29–31

Greek philosophy: early Christianity and,
35–38
,
39–40
; idea of progress,
39–40
; Islam and,
298–99
; Judaism and,
33–34
,
35
; key philosophers and concepts,
24–28
; views of commerce,
343
; Western science and,
304–5

Greenland,
146
,
147
,
202

Gregory IX (pope),
168

Gregory VII (pope),
113
,
116–17

Grendler, Paul,
270

Gresham College,
312

Grim, Brian,
277–78

Grosseteste, Robert,
170–71
,
172

Gueux
(“Sea Beggars”),
250

guilds,
127–28
,
182–83

Guiscard, Robert,
101
,
103–4

gunboats,
361–62

gunpowder,
43–44
,
196

Gustavus I (king of Sweden),
274

Hadith,
42–43

Haines, Michael,
234

Halley, Edmond,
310

Hamilton, Alexander,
350

Hamilton, Edith,
13–14
,
55

Hannam, James,
305

Hannibal Barca,
32
,
48
,
57

Hanseatic League,
191–92

Hanson, Victor Davis,
4
,
15
,
17
,
221
,
294

Harald II (king of England),
98–99

Harald III (king of Norway),
98

Haraldsson, Olaf (Saint Olaf),
115

Harris, Marvin,
9
,
10
,
11
,
230

harrows,
77

Harvard University,
353

Haskins, Charles Homer,
163
,
168
,
169

hastati,
56

Hastings, Battle of,
99

Hattin, Battle of,
110–11

Hawkins, John,
245

Hayek, F. A.,
69

Headrick, Daniel,
362

Heather, Peter,
66

heavy cavalry: Battle of Tours/Poitiers,
89
; during the Dark Ages,
85–86

Helgi the Lean,
116

Helgö,
81

Hellenism: Judaism and,
33–35
.
See also
Greek civilization

Hendrik (Count of Brederode),
250

Henriques, Afonso,
205

Henry II (king of England),
166

Henry II (king of France),
244

Henry III (king of England),
186

Henry IV (Holy Roman Emperor),
116–17

Henry the Navigator,
205–6
,
207–8

Henry VII (king of England),
210
,
213

Henry VIII (king of England),
274
,
277

Herlihy, David,
155–56

Herodotus,
14
,
16
,
22–23
,
24

hidalgos,
258

Hill, Donald R.,
296

Hilton, Walter,
134

Hispaniola,
211
,
212
,
220

History of Knowledge, A
(Van Doren),
70–71

History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, The
(Gibbon),
61

Hitler, Adolf,
275

Hitti, Philip,
89

Hobbes, Thomas,
334

Hobson, J. A.,
368