How the West Won: The Neglected Story of the Triumph of Modernity (87 page)

Le Testu, Guillaume,
246

Levant Company,
253

Lewis, Archibald R.,
85

Lewis, Bernard,
89
,
294
,
295

liberty.
See
freedom

Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G.,
50

Lindberg, David,
171–72

Lindisfarne monastery,
97

L’Isle-Adam, Philippe Villiers de,
287
,
288

literacy: in the Dark Ages,
72–73
; the Greeks and,
21

literature: decline during the Dark Ages,
73–74
; Greco-Roman,
52
; Greek,
22–23

Little Ice Age,
144–45
,
147–48
,
156–57

Little, Lester K.,
137

Liverpool and Manchester Railway,
330–31

Li Yen-chang,
44

Locke, John,
159

Locomotion
(locomotive),
330

locomotives,
190
,
330–32

logic,
28

longships,
95
,
96

Lopez, Robert S.,
123
,
125

Louisiana,
225–26
,
231–32

Louis IX (king of France),
168

Louis the Pious,
91

Loyola, Ignatius,
166
,
264

Luddites,
336–37

Luther, Martin: anti-Semitism and,
275
; biographical overview,
264
; Catholic Church’s response to,
266
,
267
; Charles V and,
244
,
263
; Diet of Worms,
244
,
267
; Ninety-Five Theses,
265–66
; the printing of his pamphlets and essays,
269–70
; “Reformation Treatises,”
266–67
; on the state of piety in Germany,
275

Luttwak, Eugene N.,
62

Luzzi, Mondino de,’
164

Lysander,
30

Macedon,
30–31

Macedonian Empire,
31

machine guns,
362

Macmurray, John,
42

MacQuarrie, Kim,
223

Madden, Thomas F.,
108
,
111

Madeira Islands,
206

Madina al-Salam,
86

Madre de Deus
(ship),
255

Magellan, Ferdinand,
215

Magna Carta,
99
,
184
,
341

magnetic compass,
203–4

Magnus, Albertus.
See
Albertus Magnus, Saint

Magnus II (king of Sweden),
150

Magnus, Shulamit,
152

Mahdi Revolt,
365

Maimonides, Moses,
302

Mälaren, Lake,
81

malaria,
359

Malik, Abd al-,
295–96

Malphighi, Marcello,
309–10

Malta,
288
,
290–92

Maltby, William S.,
248

Maltese Falcon, The
(Hammett),
288

Malthus, Thomas,
157

Manchester, William,
66
,
71
,
73

Manco Inca,
224

Mandarins,
134

Maniakes, George,
100

Mansur, al-,
86

manufacturing: cotton industry,
326–27
; during the Dark Ages,
80–81
.
See also
iron industry; woolen industry

maps: Greek invention of,
24
;
Medici Atlas
,
206
,
207

Maqrizi, Al-,
300

Marathon, Battle of,
16–17
,
363

Marcus, G. J.,
254

Marinus of Tyre,
200

Marius, Gaius,
56

Marlowe, Christopher,
301

Martel, Charles,
88–89
,
90

Marx, Karl,
4–5
,
339

Mar Yaballaha III,
300

Mary I (queen of England),
241
,
248

Massachusetts Colony,
352
,
353

mathematics: illusions about Islamic contributions,
296

Mattingly, Garrett,
252
,
253

Mattock, James,
278

Maurya Empire,
10–11

Maxim gun,
362

Maxim, Hiram,
362

Mayans,
235–36

McCloskey, Deirdre,
4
,
314

McNickle, D’Arcy,
234

Means, Russell,
237

Medici Atlas
,
206
,
207

medicine: Christian missionaries and,
367–68
; European colonialism and,
359–60
; illusions about Islamic contributions,
297

Medieval Warm Period,
144–47

Mehmed II,
284
,
285

Mehmed IV,
289

Melanchthon, Philipp,
270

Melos,
29

Mercator, Gerardus,
200

Mersenne, Marin,
306
,
319

Merton, Robert K.,
309–10
,
313

Mesih Pasha,
286

Mesopotamia,
10
,
11
,
86
,
301

Messina,
100
,
101

Mesta
,
257

metallurgy: in the Dark Ages,
81
.
See also
iron industry

Mexico: Spanish conquest,
220–22

Middle Ages: capitalism in,
182–91
; Christian theology and natural philosophy in,
162
; climate and climatic changes,
144–48
; Hanseatic League,
191–92
; industry, trade, and technology,
45
,
181–82
,
191–93
,
193–98
; Scholastics and the Copernican “Revolution,”
169–79
; universities and,
163–69

Migeotte, Leopold,
15

migrations: during the Dark Ages,
75–76

military science/technology: of the ancient Greeks,
15–18
; European colonialism and,
360–62
; firearms and the European military revolution,
261
; Roman army,
55–57
,
62–64
; technological superiority of the West,
182
; warfare and innovation during the Dark Ages,
84–86
.
See also
arms and armor; cannons; firearms; weapons

mining: coal mining,
189–90
; Petosí mines,
242–43

missionaries: European colonialism and,
357
,
366–68
; European knowledge of Asia and,
201–2

Mitchell, Joseph,
89

modernity: the Christian notions of God and,
45
; decline of university education on,
1–2
; defined,
1
; European colonialism and the transmission of,
357
,
365
; freedom and,
355
; historical tuning points and,
5–6
; partial modernity in non-Western societies,
370
; primacy of ideas to a historical understanding of,
2–5

Moffett, Samuel H.,
301

Mommsen, Theodor,
62

monasteries and monks: Christianization of the Vikings,
113–16
; invention of capitalism and,
119
,
132–36
; reformulation of theological doctrines and,
119–20
; virtue of work,
134–35

Mongolia,
201

Mongols,
300–301

monophonic music,
82

monotheism: Anaxagoras’s notions of Mind,
26

monumentalism: in ancient empires,
10

Mooers, Colin,
346

Moorish Spain,
302

Morison, Samuel Eliot,
210
,
212

Mornet, Daniel,
5

Morse code,
363

Morse, F. B.,
363

mortgages,
133

Moses: compared to Plato,
36

Muhammad: Muslim conquests and,
86
; persecution of Jews,
301–2
; slavery and,
125–26

Mühlberg, Battle of,
244

Munn, William A.,
146

Murray, Matthew,
330

music: during the Dark Ages,
82–83
; the Greeks and,
22

muskets and musketeers,
197

Muslims: atrocities of the crusader-era,
110–11
; crusader victories against,
105–7
; illusions about Islamic culture,
294–302
; myths of military superiority,
283–88
; Portuguese plundering of Muslim ships,
209
; treatment of Christian pilgrims and origins of the Crusades,
102
.
See also
Islam; Ottoman Empire

Musset, Lucien,
65
,
81

Mustafa Pasha,
290
,
291
,
292

Mytilene,
29–30

Native American Indians: lack of technological progress,
237–40
; myths of the “noble savage,”
232–37