How the West Won: The Neglected Story of the Triumph of Modernity (88 page)

natural philosophy: theology and,
160–62

navies: advances during the Middle Ages,
194–96
,
197–98
; Battle of Lepanto,
292–94
; gunboats,
361–62
; Spanish Armada,
196
,
241
,
252–54
,
258
; steamships,
360–61
.
See also
ships

navigation: in the Age of Discovery,
203–4
; the Vikings and,
96

Needham, Joseph,
316

Nelson, Benjamin,
135

Nemesis
(gunboat),
361

Nero,
55
,
58

Nestorians,
296
,
297

Netherlands: conflicts with Spain,
244
,
248–51
,
260
; creation of the Zuiderzee,
147–48
; English support in the conflicts with Spain,
252
; New World colonialism,
227

New Amsterdam,
227

Newcomen, Thomas,
327

Newfoundland,
146
,
213

New History
(Zosimus),
60–61

New Mexico Territory,
354

New Netherlands,
227

Newton, Isaac,
178
,
303
,
309

New World colonialism: African slavery and,
227–32
(
see also
African slavery); consequences of,
219–20
; Dutch colonies,
227
; English explorers and colonies,
226–27
; European military superiority and,
219
; French explorers and colonies,
224–26
; lack of technological progress in pre-Columbian societies,
237–40
; myths of the “noble savage,”
232–37
; Spanish conquests,
220–24
; the universality of colonialism and,
239
.
See also
European colonialism

Nicholas, Count of Salm,
288–89

Nicholas II (pope),
101

Nicolas of Cusa,
177–78

Niña
(ship),
211

Ninety-Five Theses (Luther),
265–66

Nisibus,
297

nobility,
314

“noble savage”: myths of,
232–37

Noreia, Battle of,
57

Normandy,
94
,
98

Normans: conquests of,
94
,
98–100
; Crusades and,
94
,
103–4
; founding of Normandy,
94
,
8
;
Franks and,
98
; historians’ views of,
118
; Kingdom of Sicily,
100–101

North America: Atlantic trade and the rise of the bourgeoisie,
344–45
; European discovery of,
199
; immigration to,
260
,
353–54
.
See also
New World colonialism

North, Douglas C.,
260–61

Norway: Christianization,
115

Nuestra Señora de la Concepción
(ship),
247

Oakeshott, R. Ewart,
85

O’Brien, Patrick,
369

Ockham’s razor,
175

Octavian,
50

Odo of Aquitaine,
87–88

Olaf, Saint,
115

On the Cosmos
(Chrysippus),
38

On the Heavens
(Aristotle),
37–38

On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres
(Copernicus),
178

Opus Majus
(Bacon),
172–73

Opus Tertium
(Bacon),
196

Order of Christ,
205–6

Ordinance of Labour of 1349 (England),
155

Oresme, Nicole,
176–77

O’Rourke, Kevin,
191

Orthodox Christianity: opposition to reason and progress,
42

Osborne, Roger,
71
,
72
,
143

Ottoman Empire: attacks on Vienna,
288–90
; Battle of Lepanto,
292–94
; capture of Constantinople,
284–86
; capture of Rhodes,
286–88
; expansion under Suleiman,
283
; opposition to technological progress,
13
,
42
; siege of Malta,
290–92

Outremer,
108

overshot water mills,
78

Oxford Calculators,
174–75

Oxford University,
166
,
168

pagans and paganism,
58
,
116

Palestine (ancient),
34

pamphlets: the Reformation and,
269–70

Panay
(USS),
362

paper production,
79

Papin, Denis,
321

Paris: Latin Quarter,
167
; University of Paris,
166–69
; Viking siege of,
97
; water mills during the Dark Ages,
78

Parma, Duke of.
See
Farnese, Don Alessandro

Parmenides,
38

Partecipazio, Giustiniano,
126

patents,
349–50

Paul III (pope),
229

Paul, Saint: on the early Church,
58
; Greek philosophy and,
35
; reason and,
39
; on slaves,
123

Peace of Augsburg,
277

peasantry: economic consequences of the Black Death and,
154–55
; revolts,
155

Peasants’ Revolt (England),
155

Peasant’s War (Germany),
277

Pegolotti, Balducci di,
192

Pelican
(ship),
247

Peloponnesian League,
30

Peloponnesian War,
30

Pépin III,
90

Pericles,
26

Persia: battles against the Greeks,
16–17
; Muslim conquest,
86

Persian Expedition, The
(Xenophon),
17

Peru,
222–24

Petosí mines,
242–43

Petrarch, Francesco,
149
,
196

Pfaff, Steven,
269–70
,
271

phalanxes: Greek army,
16
,
17
; Roman army,
55–56

pharaohs,
10
,
11

Pheidippides,
363

Philip (king of France),
273

Philip II (king of Spain): the Dutch Revolt and,
247–49
,
250
; Ottoman threats and,
292
; Queen Elizabeth and,
241
; Spanish Armada,
238
,
252
,
258
; Spanish Empire and,
241
,
244
,
247–48
,
262
; Spanish indebtedness and,
255–56

Philip II of Macedon,
14
,
32

Philip V of Macedon,
32

Phillips, J. R. S.,
192

Philo of Alexandria,
35
,
36

philosophy: Greco-Roman,
52
; Greek (
see
Greek philosophy)

phonetic alphabets,
21

Physics
(Albert of Saxony),
177

Pickthall, Marmaduke,
298

pikes,
16
,
32

Pinta
(ship),
211

pirates,
244–47

Pirenne, Henri,
81
,
194
,
279

Pisa,
127

Pius V (pope),
292

Piyale Pasha,
290

Pizarro, Francisco,
222–24
,
238
,
242

plagues: Malthusian theory of population and,
157–58
; in Rome,
148
.
See also
Black Death

Plano, Joannes de,
201

Plataea, Battle of,
16

“plateway,”
190

Plato: Augustine on,
39
; early Christianity and,
36
,
37
,
38
; estimation of the Earth’s circumference,
200
; Greek literacy and,
21
; Islam and,
298
; ownership of slaves,
29
; philosophical concepts,
26–27
; principles of Western warfare and,
18
; Western science and,
304

Plautus, Titus,
52

Plebian Council,
49

Pliny the Elder,
22
,
200

Plotinus,
36

plows,
76–77

Plutarch,
49
,
206
,
343

podestà,
128–29

podesteria,
128–29

Poitiers, Battle of,
87–90

polar bears,
146

Politics
(Aristotle),
20
,
38
,
343

Polo, Marco,
192–93

Polybius,
60

polyphony,
82

Pompeii,
52

Poole, Stafford,
237

Portugal: founding of,
205
; voyages of exploration in the Age of Discovery,
199
,
205–9

Postan, Michael,
79

post windmills,
79

potato famine,
365

Praxiteles,
22