Read How the West Won: The Neglected Story of the Triumph of Modernity Online
Authors: Rodney Stark
Tags: #History, #World, #Civilization & Culture
natural philosophy: theology and,
160–62
navies: advances during the Middle Ages,
194–96
,
197–98
; Battle of Lepanto,
292–94
; gunboats,
361–62
; Spanish Armada,
196
,
241
,
252–54
,
258
; steamships,
360–61
.
See also
ships
navigation: in the Age of Discovery,
203–4
; the Vikings and,
96
Needham, Joseph,
316
Nelson, Benjamin,
135
Nemesis
(gunboat),
361
Netherlands: conflicts with Spain,
244
,
248–51
,
260
; creation of the Zuiderzee,
147–48
; English support in the conflicts with Spain,
252
; New World colonialism,
227
New Amsterdam,
227
Newcomen, Thomas,
327
New History
(Zosimus),
60–61
New Mexico Territory,
354
New Netherlands,
227
New World colonialism: African slavery and,
227–32
(
see also
African slavery); consequences of,
219–20
; Dutch colonies,
227
; English explorers and colonies,
226–27
; European military superiority and,
219
; French explorers and colonies,
224–26
; lack of technological progress in pre-Columbian societies,
237–40
; myths of the “noble savage,”
232–37
; Spanish conquests,
220–24
; the universality of colonialism and,
239
.
See also
European colonialism
Nicholas, Count of Salm,
288–89
Nicholas II (pope),
101
Nicolas of Cusa,
177–78
Niña
(ship),
211
Ninety-Five Theses (Luther),
265–66
Nisibus,
297
nobility,
314
“noble savage”: myths of,
232–37
Noreia, Battle of,
57
Normans: conquests of,
94
,
98–100
; Crusades and,
94
,
103–4
; founding of Normandy,
94
,
8
;
Franks and,
98
; historians’ views of,
118
; Kingdom of Sicily,
100–101
North America: Atlantic trade and the rise of the bourgeoisie,
344–45
; European discovery of,
199
; immigration to,
260
,
353–54
.
See also
New World colonialism
North, Douglas C.,
260–61
Norway: Christianization,
115
Nuestra Señora de la Concepción
(ship),
247
Oakeshott, R. Ewart,
85
O’Brien, Patrick,
369
Ockham’s razor,
175
Octavian,
50
Odo of Aquitaine,
87–88
Olaf, Saint,
115
On the Cosmos
(Chrysippus),
38
On the Heavens
(Aristotle),
37–38
On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres
(Copernicus),
178
Opus Majus
(Bacon),
172–73
Opus Tertium
(Bacon),
196
Order of Christ,
205–6
Ordinance of Labour of 1349 (England),
155
Oresme, Nicole,
176–77
O’Rourke, Kevin,
191
Orthodox Christianity: opposition to reason and progress,
42
Ottoman Empire: attacks on Vienna,
288–90
; Battle of Lepanto,
292–94
; capture of Constantinople,
284–86
; capture of Rhodes,
286–88
; expansion under Suleiman,
283
; opposition to technological progress,
13
,
42
; siege of Malta,
290–92
Outremer,
108
overshot water mills,
78
Oxford Calculators,
174–75
Palestine (ancient),
34
pamphlets: the Reformation and,
269–70
Panay
(USS),
362
paper production,
79
Papin, Denis,
321
Paris: Latin Quarter,
167
; University of Paris,
166–69
; Viking siege of,
97
; water mills during the Dark Ages,
78
Parma, Duke of.
See
Farnese, Don Alessandro
Parmenides,
38
Partecipazio, Giustiniano,
126
patents,
349–50
Paul III (pope),
229
Paul, Saint: on the early Church,
58
; Greek philosophy and,
35
; reason and,
39
; on slaves,
123
Peace of Augsburg,
277
peasantry: economic consequences of the Black Death and,
154–55
; revolts,
155
Peasants’ Revolt (England),
155
Peasant’s War (Germany),
277
Pegolotti, Balducci di,
192
Pelican
(ship),
247
Peloponnesian League,
30
Peloponnesian War,
30
Pépin III,
90
Pericles,
26
Persia: battles against the Greeks,
16–17
; Muslim conquest,
86
Persian Expedition, The
(Xenophon),
17
Peru,
222–24
Petosí mines,
242–43
Pheidippides,
363
Philip (king of France),
273
Philip II (king of Spain): the Dutch Revolt and,
247–49
,
250
; Ottoman threats and,
292
; Queen Elizabeth and,
241
; Spanish Armada,
238
,
252
,
258
; Spanish Empire and,
241
,
244
,
247–48
,
262
; Spanish indebtedness and,
255–56
Philip V of Macedon,
32
Phillips, J. R. S.,
192
philosophy: Greco-Roman,
52
; Greek (
see
Greek philosophy)
phonetic alphabets,
21
Physics
(Albert of Saxony),
177
Pickthall, Marmaduke,
298
Pinta
(ship),
211
pirates,
244–47
Pisa,
127
Pius V (pope),
292
Piyale Pasha,
290
plagues: Malthusian theory of population and,
157–58
; in Rome,
148
.
See also
Black Death
Plano, Joannes de,
201
Plataea, Battle of,
16
“plateway,”
190
Plato: Augustine on,
39
; early Christianity and,
36
,
37
,
38
; estimation of the Earth’s circumference,
200
; Greek literacy and,
21
; Islam and,
298
; ownership of slaves,
29
; philosophical concepts,
26–27
; principles of Western warfare and,
18
; Western science and,
304
Plautus, Titus,
52
Plebian Council,
49
Plotinus,
36
plows,
76–77
podestà,
128–29
podesteria,
128–29
Poitiers, Battle of,
87–90
polar bears,
146
Polo, Marco,
192–93
Polybius,
60
polyphony,
82
Pompeii,
52
Poole, Stafford,
237
Portugal: founding of,
205
; voyages of exploration in the Age of Discovery,
199
,
205–9
Postan, Michael,
79
post windmills,
79
potato famine,
365
Praxiteles,
22