How the West Won: The Neglected Story of the Triumph of Modernity (90 page)

Severus,
55

Shangani, Battle of,
362

Shapin, Steven,
303–4

Shapiro, Barbara J.,
311

Shea, William,
320

ships: advances during the Middle Ages,
194–96
,
197–98
; development during the Dark Ages,
80
; gunboats,
361–62
; military value of English merchant ships,
253
; steamboats,
332–33
; steamships,
360–61
; of the Vikings,
95–96
.
See also
navies;
specific types of ships

Sicily,
48
,
87
,
100–101

Siena,
149–50

Silk Roads,
193
,
200

silver: pirates and privateers,
244–47
; taken from American by the Spanish,
242–43

Silverius (pope),
112

Silves, Diogo de,
206

Simeon of Durham,
97

Sixtus IV (pope),
265

skei.
See
longships

skeptics,
310

slave codes,
230–32

slavery: American Indians and,
236–37
; ancient Greece and,
29
,
121–22
; causes of,
121
; defined,
121
; free will and the abolition of,
119
,
121–26
; Islam and,
125–26
; New World colonialism and,
219
; Rome and,
53–54
,
121–22
; serfs and,
122
; Spanish colonialism and,
220
.
See also
African slavery

slave trade,
228–29

Smaragde of Saint-Mihiel,
124

Smith, Adam,
340
,
341

Smith, Morton,
34

Snow, C. P.,
157–58

Snyder, John,
336

Social War (ancient Greece),
30

Société du Bazacle,
78

Socrates,
17
,
19
,
26

Soto, Hernando de,
224

soul: Plato’s concept of,
27

South Africa,
365

Southern, R. W.,
162

Sowell, Thomas,
238
,
239

Spain: attacks on Jews during the Black Death,
151
; church-state relationship and its impact on the Reformation,
273
; Muslim conquest,
87
; Rome and,
48
; voyages of Columbus,
210–13

Spanish Armada,
196
,
241
,
252–54
,
258

Spanish Empire: Armada and attempted invasion of England,
196
,
241
,
251–54
,
258
; under Charles V,
243–44
,
255
,
262
;
Código Negro Español
,
231
,
232
; conflicts with Dutch Protestants,
248–51
; conquest of Mexico and Peru,
220–24
; decline of,
255–61
,
262
; the European military revolution and,
261
; gold and silver from the New World,
242–43
,
369
; legacy of,
242
,
261–62
; military strength of,
247–48
; origins and overview of,
241
; under Philip II,
247–54
,
255–56
,
262
; pirates and privateers,
244–47

Spanish Fury,
250

Spanish Road,
260

Sparta,
14
,
16
,
30

Sphere
(John of Sacrobosco),
171

sports: Greco-Roman,
54–55

Stannard, David E.,
233
,
237

St. Croix,
212

steamboats,
332–33

steam engines: iron industry and,
328
,
329
; railroads and,
330–32
; steamboats,
332–33
; steamships,
360–61
; Watt’s improvement of,
327–28

steamships,
360–61

Steckle, Richard,
234

steel production,
329

Stephen (Byzantine commander),
100

Stephenson, George,
330–31

St. Gall monastery,
132

Stikklestad, Battle of,
115

Stilicho, Flavius,
64–65

Stinchcomb, Arthur,
369

Stine Ingstad, Helge and Anne,
146

stirrups,
85

Stoics,
28
,
38

Stone, Lawrence,
270
,
275
,
314
,
346

Strauss, Gerald,
275–76

submarine cables,
363–64

Sudan,
365

Suleiman: attacks on Vienna,
288–89
; capture of Belgrade,
286
; capture of Rhodes,
286–88
; death of,
292
; expansion of the Ottoman Empire,
283
; siege of Malta,
290–92

Sultana
(ship),
294

Summa Theologica
(Aquinas),
41

sunstone,
96

Susa,
10

Sven of Denmark,
103

Svolder, Battle of,
115

Sweden: Christianization,
115
; church-state relationship and its impact on the Reformation,
274
; iron industry,
194
; New World colonialism,
227

Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius,
54

Syracuse,
30

Syria,
86

Tacitus,
80–81

Tadino, Gabriele,
287

Tamerlane (Timur),
301

Tancred,
103
,
106
,
107–8

Taoism,
160

Tartar Relations
(Carpine),
201
,
202

Tatian,
36

taxation: in ancient empires,
11
; in France,
341

Tcherikover, Victor,
34

technological progress: civilizations opposed to,
42–45
; during the Dark Ages,
69
,
76–80
; lack of connection to science in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries,
32
; during the Middle Ages,
45
,
193–98
; the rise of capitalism and,
138–39
.
See also
progress

technology: Greco-Roman,
53–54
; Greek,
23–24
; Viking,
95–96

technophobia,
335–36

telegraphs,
363–64

Templo Mayor,
222

Ten Thousand,
17

Terence,
52

Tertullian,
39
,
161

Tesla, Nikola,
354

Tête-Hardi, William,
103

Tetzel, Johannes,
265

Teutoburg Forest,
57

Thales,
25

theater: Greco-Roman,
52
; Greek,
22

Thebes,
32

Theodoric of Freiberg,
174

Theodosius I,
64

theology.
See
Christian theology

Theophilus,
344

Theory of Forms,
26–27

Third Crusade,
85
,
94
,
108
,
109

Thirty Years’ War,
277

Thomas à Becket, Saint,
274

Thomas Aquinas, Saint: on free will,
120
; on “just price,”
136
; opposition to slavery,
229
; reason and,
161
; on reason and progress,
41
; University of Paris and,
166

Thornton, Bruce,
1

Thornton, John,
228

Thoros,
107

Tiberius,
34

Timur (Tamerlane),
301

Tinnah, Ibn at-,
101

Toledo, Don Fernando Álvarez de (Duke of Alba),
249
,
250

Toulouse,
87–88

Tourani, Gilbert de,
41

Tours/Poitiers, Battle of,
87–90

Toynbee, Arnold J.,
61

Tractatus de Sphaera
(John of Sacrobosco),
171

trade: Atlantic trade and the rise of the bourgeoisie,
344–45
; during the Dark Ages,
72
,
81–82
; European knowledge of Asia and,
200–201
; Hanseatic League,
191–92
; during the Middle Ages,
181
,
191–93
; Venice and,
126

trade winds,
210

transportation: during the Dark Ages,
79–80
; development of rail systems in England,
190
; railroads,
329–32
.
See also
ships

Travels of Marco Polo, The,
192–93

Trevithick, Richard,
330

Trevor-Roper, Hugh,
279

triarii
,
56

Tripoli, County of,
107
,
108

Truesdell, Clifford,
174–75

Tryggvason, Olaf,
115

Tumbez,
222–23

Túpac Huallpa,
224

Turks: capture of Jerusalem,
102
; defeat by the crusaders at Antioch,
106
.
See also
Ottoman Empire