356
; migrant workers,
397–98
; sex trafficking,
66–67
.
See also
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
Belfiore, Gaetano,
180
Belgium,
360
,
444n1
Belize,
390
Benin,
238–39
,
243–44
Bennu (victim),
15
,
441n2
Berlusconi, Silvio,
184–85
Bews, Carol,
291–92
Bielefeldt, Heiner,
346
Bimbo’s Best Produce,
22
t
,
375
biofuel,
394
,
413
body-parts trafficking,
289–90
;
muti
(or
muthi
) killings for,
2
,
269–70
,
278
,
280–81
,
282
,
286
,
293
.
See also
organ trafficking
Boere (trafficker),
276–77
Bolivia: anti-trafficking efforts,
127
; human trafficking,
21
t
,
46
,
49
; labor trafficking,
17
; sex trafficking,
331
bonded labor,
231–32
,
233–34
,
312–13
border checks,
353–54
,
368
,
390
,
400
borders, transparent,
351–52
Botswana,
284
Bowen, Chris,
313
Boyajian, Ronald Gerard,
27
boys,
134
,
136
; child prostitutes,
417
; commercial sexual exploitation of,
222
; education of,
223–24
,
224–25
; forced labor,
276
; koranic students (
almajiris
),
241–42
; trafficking of,
241
,
261–62
.
See also
children; men and boys; women and children
Brazil: anti-trafficking centers,
425–26
; anti-trafficking cooperation,
425–26
; anti-trafficking initiatives,
420
; anti-trafficking law,
413–14
,
425
; anti-trafficking offices,
419
; Central Division of Human Rights,
425
; child labor,
393–94
,
420
; child prostitution,
413
; child sex tourism,
416–17
; economic growth,
393–94
,
395–96
,
420
; efforts to decrease trafficking,
423–26
; Federal Road Police Patrol,
425
; forced labor,
9
,
17
,
394
,
414–15
,
421–22
,
429–30
; human trafficking,
22
t
,
46
,
49
,
176
,
186–87
,
195
,
413–26
; labor trafficking,
9
; Ministry of Labor,
414
,
415
,
419–20
; Ministry of Social Development,
419
; National Commitment to Improve Labor Conditions in the Sugarcane Industry,
423–26
; National Pact for the Eradication of Slave Labor,
424
; National Plan of Action,
413
; National Policy on Trafficking in Persons,
413
; natural resources,
393
,
394
,
413
; and Palermo Protocol,
3–4
; Penal Code,
414
,
421
,
425
; permanent visa status to foreign victims of trafficking,
420
; poverty,
393–94
,
420
; sex tourism,
181
; sex trafficking,
416
; shelters,
419–20
; slave labor (
trabalho escravo
),
413
,
414–15
,
421
,
423–24
; sugarcane industry,
394
,
413
,
414
,
421–22
,
423–24
,
447n1
; trafficking abroad,
417–19
; trafficking within,
414–17
; what happens to traffickers,
421–23
; what happens to victims,
419–20
,
435–36
Bremer, Paul,
131–32
,
433
BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, and China),
395
Brooderyk, Giang,
274
brothels,
195–96
Buchowska, Stana,
353
,
356
,
361
,
365–66
,
368–69
Buddhists,
79
Bulgaria: human trafficking,
175–76
,
180
,
186–87
,
188
,
195
,
273
,
345–46
,
356
,
357
,
362
; sex trafficking,
188
,
341
,
348–49
Burkina Faso,
243–44
Burundi,
273
Bush, George W.,
132
Butler, Jannelle,
25
buyer marriage,
262–63
cabaret dancers,
148
,
151
Calderón, Felipe,
373
,
388–89
California,
15
Cambodia: anti-trafficking efforts,
266
; Asia Regional Trafficking in Persons Project,
313
; child sex tourism,
343
; human trafficking,
76
,
77
camel jockeys,
71
,
202
camel racing,
71
Cameroon,
186–87
,
195
,
238–39
,
243–44
,
273
Camina A Casa,
381–82
Canada: anti-illegal immigrant agenda,
159–60
; anti-prostitution laws,
170–71
; anti-trafficking cooperation,
425–26
; anti-trafficking law,
157–58
,
167
,
171
; Bill C-4 (formerly Bill C-49),
158
,
160
; Bill C-49: An Act to Amend the Criminal Code (Trafficking in Persons),
167–68
; Bill C-268,
168–69
,
170
; child sex tourism,
164
; Criminal Code,
158
,
164–65
,
167–68
,
168–69
; as destination,
85–86
,
161–64
; efforts to decrease trafficking,
169–71
; Employment Protection for Foreign Nationals Act (Live-in Caregivers and Others),
162–63
; Employment Standards Act,
162–63
; forced labor,
161
,
162–63
,
166
; human smuggling,
157–58
,
159–60
; human trafficking,
159–71
,
379–80
; Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA),
158
,
163
; indentured servitude in,
2
; labor standards,
162–63
; Ministry of Labour,
162
,
163
; organized crime networks,
165
; and Palermo Protocol,
3–4
; Preventing Human Smugglers from Abusing Canada’s Immigration System Act,
160
; prostitution,
170–71
; Protecting Canada’s Immigration System Act,
158
,
160
; refugee status,
159–60
; sex trafficking,
162
,
165
,
169
,
170–71
; temporary residence permits (TRPs),
166–67
; as transit nation,
161–64
; Victims Fund,
169–70
; what happens to traffickers,
167–69
,
437
; what happens to victims,
166–67
Canada Border Services Agency,
160
Capri Hotel (New Orleans, Louisiana),
17–18
Caribbean: human trafficking,
15
,
46
,
122
,
186–87
,
379–80
; Regional Committee against Trafficking in Persons in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean,
390
.
See also specific countries by name
Carreto family trafficking ring,
373
,
375–78
,
390–91
,
428–29
Carreto Fernández, Eliú,
376
Carreto Reyes, Eloy,
376
Carreto Valencia, Consuelo,
375–78
,
391
Cass
23
,
6
,
38–39
caste systems,
219
,
221
,
235
; Dalit/ Scheduled Castes (formerly the Untouchables),
213–14
,
217–18
,
221
,
427
; hereditary slavery,
214
,
236
,
239–40
,
427
; household registration (
hukou
) system,
214–15
,
251
,
252
,
431
; Other Backward Classes (OBC),
217–18
,
427
; Scheduled Tribes,
213–14
,
217–18
,
427
; Sudras or slave/ vassal castes,
217–18
Castellanos-Contreras, Daniel,
21
t
cattle ranches,
415
Center Against International Human Trafficking,
92
Center for Empowerment of Women (Poland),
365
Central America,
379–80
,
390
.
See also specific countries by name
Central Asia,
69
,
97
,
400
.
See also specific countries by name
Central Europe,
379–80
.
See also specific countries by name
Cepeda, Iván,
128
Chaderton, Roy,
121
Chand, Gabriel,
160
Cheng, Liu,
249
,
254–55
Chenggong, Chen,
253–54
child abuse,
262–63
,
290
child begging,
241–42
.
See also
begging
Child Guidance Centers (Japan),
56
child labor,
2
,
213–14
; bonded labor,
231–32
; criminalization of,