; and Palermo Protocol,
3–4
; Penal Code,
340
,
343
; prostitution,
430–31
; Reintegration and Emigration Program for Asylum-Seekers in Germany program,
345–46
; sex tourists,
83–84
; sex trafficking,
341–44
,
348–49
,
349–50
; what happens to traffickers,
348–49
,
437
; what happens to victims,
343–48
,
435–36
Ghana,
178–79
,
186–87
,
195
,
243–44
,
261
girls,
2
,
119–20
,
134
,
226
.
See also
children; women and girls
Glazner, Gary,
304
,
307–8
Global Horizons Manpower, Inc.,
16
,
441n3
Global Report on Trafficking in Persons
(United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime),
5
gold mines,
243–44
González, Camilo,
128
Government Assisted Repatriation Program (Germany),
345–46
Grand Arab Libyan Popular Socialist Jamahiriya.
See
Libya
Gray, Matthew,
25
,
31
Grayned, Mark Anthony,
441n6
Greece,
200
,
402
Guardia die Finanza,
185
Guatemala,
127
,
379–80
,
390
guerrillas,
116
,
119–20
,
444n1
guest workers,
19–20
,
86–87
,
375
Guinea,
186–87
Gulf states,
86
,
200
hadd
offenses,
206–7
Hagiwara, Koichi “Sony,”
49–50
Haiti,
15
halfway homes,
365
Halliburton,
444n1
Harris, René,
300
Hashim (human trafficking victim),
201
Hawaii,
15–16
healers, traditional.
See
traditional medicine
hejab
, appropriate,
197
Heng Tinghan,
253–54
hereditary slavery,
214
,
236
,
239
,
427–28
High Level Groups on Border Security,
390
hill tribe people,
73–74
,
75–93
,
431
Hilton,
16
Hinduism,
213–14
,
218
,
219
HIV infection,
85
,
89
,
277–78
,
279–80
Hiya, Seidimou,
246
homeless children,
393
,
401–2
Honduras,
15
,
17
,
22
t
,
121
,
379–80
Hong Kong,
162
,
266
hospitality industry,
187
,
342
Hotels and Taxi Associations,
84
household registration (
hukou
) system,
214–15
,
251
,
252
,
431
Hoyos, Luis Alfonso,
120–21
hukou
(household registration) system,
214–15
,
251
,
252
,
431
human rights,
113
,
184–85
Human Rights Watch,
5
,
184–85
human smuggling,
157–58
,
200–201
; definition of,
330–31
; vs. human trafficking,
263–64
,
300–301
,
438
; of immigrants,
299
; of migrants,
273–74
; prosecution of cases,
209
human trafficking,
1–10
,
427–39
; annual profit worldwide,
1
; anti-trafficking issues and obstacles,
427
; anti-trafficking laws,
438
; characteristics of,
428–29
; for commercial sexual exploitation,
436–37
; country sources,
14–15
; criteria for prosecutions,
295–97
,
309–10
,
311
,
324
,
328–29
,
438
; critical step for preventing,
91–92
; currents,
2
; data sources,
4–7
,
290
,
437–38
; definition of,
3–4
,
34
,
60–61
,
133–34
,
144–45
,
146–47
,
211
,
250
,
330–31
,
341
,
354
,
355
,
366–67
,
436
,
438–39
; economic factors,
7
; factors that increase vulnerability to,
99–100
; forms of,
4
,
368–69
,
436–37
,
441n7
; geographic factors,
7–8
; vs. human smuggling,
157–58
,
263–64
,
300–301
,
438
; for labor exploitation,
397–98
,
402
,
436–37
; literature on,
6–7
; methods of,
3
,
250
,
429–30
; minimum standards for elimination of,
4
; penalties and fines for,
193
,
325–26
,
366–67
,
383
; prevention campaigns,
390
; prevention methods,
430
; prevention of re-trafficking,
364–65
; prosecutions and convictions for,
437
; public awareness of,
361
; purposes of,
360–61
; risk factors for,
75
,
150–51
; sanctions against nations for,
4–5
; sentences for,
295
,
437–38
; techniques used by traffickers,
359
; terminology,
2
; through transit zones,
174
; transnational,
309–10
; vulnerability to,
136
,
150
; what happens to traffickers,
437
.
See also
forced labor; sex trafficking;
specific countries of interest
humanitarian protection,
320–21
Hungary,
186–87
,
341
Hurricane Katrina,
11
,
17–18
,
20
,
87
,
226–27
,
227–28
,
429
,
442n16
Hurricane Rita,
11
,
17
,
20
Ibrahim, Abdel Nasser Eid Youssef,
15
illegal aliens,
82
illicit sex (
zina
),
206–7
,
208
immigration: Detained Fast Track (DFT) process,
321–22
; fast track,
321
; illegal,
13
,
178–79
.
See also specific countries of interest
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) (U.S.),
6
,
38
,
40–43
,
376
Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA) (Canada),
163
immigration policy,
173–74
,
185
,
186
immigration removal centers,
321
immigration violations,
40–41
Immoral Trafficking Prevention Act (ITPA),
230
indentured servitude,
2
,
303
India: anti-trafficking efforts,
230–31
,
233
,
234–35
,
427
; anti-trafficking units,
234–35
; bonded labor,
231
,
233–34
; Bonded Labor System Abolition Act,
233
; caste system,
213–14
,
217–18
,
219
,
221
,
235
,
427
; census classifications,
218
,
219
; child labor,
213–14
,
219–22
,
225
; Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Act,
233
,
235
; child trafficking,
234
; climate change,
223
; constitution,
217–18
; Dalit/Scheduled Castes (formerly the Untouchables),
213–14
,
217–18
,
219
,
221
,
427
; debt bondage,
213–14
,
221
,
226–27
; displaced persons,
222
; economic growth,
393
,
395–96
; Emigration Act,
235
; forced labor,
17
,
96
,
137
,
217
,
219
,
231
,
233–34
; human trafficking,
15
,
21
t
,
178–79
,
213–14
,
217
,
219–30
,
234
,
273
,
301–2
,
428–29
,
442n16
; Immoral Trafficking Prevention Act,
233
; Juvenile Justice Act,
219–20
,
233
; migrant workers,
302
; Ministry of Labor and Employment,
231–32
; Ministry of Women and Child Development,
232
; Other Backward Classes (OBC),
217–18
,
221
,
427
; and Palermo Protocol,
3–4
; pedophilic activity,
222
; Penal Code,
233
; post-trafficking programs,
235
; prostitution,
229–30
; Scheduled Tribes (ST),
213–14
,
217–18
,
221
; sex trafficking,
66–67
,
221–22
; sex workers,
229–30
,
230–31
; shelters,
232
; social hierarchy,
213–14
,
217–35
; Sudras or slave/vassal castes,
217–18
; Supreme Court,
234
; Swadhar Scheme,