North America,
122
,
390
.
See also specific countries by name
North Carolina,
17–18
,
25
,
87
North Dakota,
38
,
39
North Korea,
258–59
,
262–63
,
398
Northern Ireland,
316
,
326–27
Norway,
318
Nunag-Tañedo, Mairi,
23
t
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA),
19
Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT): anti-trafficking efforts,
108–9
; anti-trafficking law,
94–95
; human trafficking,
95
,
98–100
,
104
; stateless persons,
71
,
94–109
Office of Refugee Resettlement (HHS),
37
Oman,
148–49
“On the Right Track” campaign,
361
O’Neill, Jim,
395
Operation against Smugglers (and Traffickers) Initiative on Safety and Security (Mexico),
390
Operation Pentameter 1 (UK),
327
Operation Pentameter 2 (UK),
327–28
Operation Twisted Traveler,
27
Ople Center,
148–49
OPT.
See
Occupied Palestinian Territories
Oratorium shelter,
406
organ trafficking,
100–101
,
136–37
,
142
,
151
;
muti
(or
muthi
) killings for,
2
,
269–70
,
278
,
280–81
; prosecution of traffickers,
154
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe,
366
Organization for Women’s Freedom in Iraq (OWFI),
67
,
136
organized crime: Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (United Nations),
3
,
210–11
,
354
; human trafficking rings,
409–10
; organ-trafficking rings,
100–101
; sex-trafficking rings,
375–76
,
402–4
.
See also specific countries of interest
orphanages,
143
orphans,
393
,
401–2
Osagie, Samuel,
243–44
Other Backward Classes (OBC),
217–18
,
427
Oumarou, Achirou,
237–38
Oxfam International,
95
Oz Unit,
108
,
434
Pacific Islands,
301–2
Pacific Solution,
299–300
Pakistan: child trafficking,
71
; human smuggling,
202
; human trafficking,
71
,
176
,
178–79
,
200–203
,
273
; labor trafficking,
63
,
137
,
201
; sex trafficking,
66–67
Pakistani refugees,
200
Palermo Protocol (United Nations Protocol to Prevent Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children),
3–4
,
210–11
,
265–66
,
289–90
,
303–4
,
354
Palestinian National Authority (PNA),
72
,
104
Palestinian Territories.
See
Occupied Palestinian Territories
Palestinians,
71–72
,
99–100
Panama,
17
,
23
t
,
127
Papua New Guinea,
299–300
Paraguay,
46
,
53
,
331
,
332
,
417–18
paramilitary groups,
116
,
119–20
,
128
,
444n1
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE),
405
Peeters, Erik Leonardus,
27
Pérez Alonso, Daniel,
376
,
377
Peru,
17
,
21
t
,
46
,
49
,
121
,
331
Petro, Gustavo,
128
“Peuan Peuan in Bangkok” program (Friends-International),
84
Peule,
239
Philippines: human trafficking,
15
,
23
t
,
46–47
,
148–49
,
162
,
273
,
301–2
,
356
; labor trafficking,
17
,
63
,
96
,
137
; sex trafficking,
66–67
,
303
Pia (child prostitute),
413
,
417
Plenary Group for Law Enforcement,
390
Poland: anti-trafficking efforts,
328
,
351–52
,
354–55
,
355–56
,
368–69
; anti-trafficking law,
354
,
367–68
,
368–69
; border control,
351
,
354
; Central Bureau of Investigation,
368
; Central Team for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, Human Organs, Child Pornography and Pedophilia (Central Anti-Trafficking Police Unit),
368
; commercial sexual exploitation,
356
; crisis intervention centers,
362–63
; as destination,
7–8
,
351
,
355–60
; forced labor,
86
,
356
,
357–58
; human trafficking,
176
,
178–79
,
186–87
,
342
,
345–46
,
351–52
,
353–70
,
402
; labor inspectors,
430
; Labor Office (Warsaw),
365
; Metropolitan Headquarters of Police,
357
; Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
368
; Ministry of Social Policy and Labor,
365
; Ministry of the Interior and Administration,
359
,
361
,
362
,
364
; National Consulting and Intervention Centre for Victims of Trafficking,
356
; and Palermo Protocol,
3–4
,
354
; Penal Code,
352
,
354
,
355–56
,
366–67
; Program for the Support and Protection for Victims of Human Trafficking,
359
,
369
; prostitution,
355
; Rzeszów Central Investigation Bureau,
357
; sex trafficking,
341
,
354
,
359–60
; shelters,
362–63
; temporary residency permits,
364
; as transit nation,
351
,
355–60
; Warsaw Social Welfare Center,
365
; what happens to traffickers,
366–68
,
437
; what happens to victims,
362–65
,
365–66
Polaris Project Japan,
44–45
,
47
,
50–51
,
53
police corruption,
256
,
262
,
265
,
275
Polish National Police,
368
Poppy Project,
319–20
pornography,
16
,
52–53
,
386
,
393
,
401–2
Portugal,
417–18
,
425–26
Pour-Mohammadi, Mostafa,
204–5
poverty,
7
,
237–38
,
272
,
393–94
,
420
Prajapati, Mahesh,
302
Prassad, Sam,
302
President’s Interagency Task Force (PITF),
36
,
37
prevention campaigns,
344
,
390
Primary Contracting Services (PCS),
302
Program for the Support and Protection for Victims of Human Trafficking (Poland),
359
,
369
Program to Combat Human Trafficking for 2011–2013 (Commonwealth of Independent States),
412
prosecution of traffickers.
See
criminal prosecutions, convictions, and sentences
Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to End the Exploitation of Children Today (PROTECT) Act (U.S.),
26–27
prostitution: debt-bonded,
302–3
,
305
; decriminalization of,
171
,
195–96
,
291–92
; forced,
97–98
,
122
,
142–43
,
150–51
,
152
,
341–42
,
378
; legalization of,
316
; regulation of,
291–92
,
305
,
430
; tolerance for,
381
; trafficking for,
276
,
288–89
,
316
,
360–61
Protection, Prevention and Prosecution (policy model),
344
protection of victims,
344
; of children,
276–77
,
292
,
365
,
369
; of foreign workers,
369
; humanitarian,
320–21
; immigration protection,
28–30
; victim protection provisions,
284–85
; witness protection programs,
124
,
285
,
407
.
See also
victim assistance
protection visas,
307
protective facilities,
143
Protocol on Trafficking in Persons,
410
Provictima,
390
public awareness,
361
Pushpa (forced labor victim),
317–18
Qatar,
85–86
,
139–40
,
151
,
203
Qin, Luo,
264
Quran,
444n3
R. v. Dobie
,
310
R. v. Trivedi
,
310–11
R. v. Yogalingham Rasalingham
,
310–11
Rabe, Heike,
340–41
,
342
,
346
race riots,
179–80
Rafsanjani, Akbar Hashemi,
204
Ramchandra Adhikari et al. v. Daoud & Partners et al
.,
138
Ramos, Norma,
211
,
435
Rantsev, Nikolai,
405
Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia
,
174