Male Sex Work and Society (12 page)
Read Male Sex Work and Society Online
Authors: Unknown
Tags: #Psychology/Human Sexuality, #Social Science/Gay Studies, #SOC012000, #PSY016000
18
Richard Duncan-Jones,
The Economy of the Roman Empire: Quantitative Studies
, 2nd ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1982, p. 246.
Richard Duncan-Jones,
The Economy of the Roman Empire: Quantitative Studies
, 2nd ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1982, p. 246.
19
John Boswell,
Christianity, Homosexuality, and Social Tolerance
. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005, p. 70.
John Boswell,
Christianity, Homosexuality, and Social Tolerance
. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005, p. 70.
20
Boswell,
Christianity, Homosexuality
, p. 72.
Boswell,
Christianity, Homosexuality
, p. 72.
21
Boswell,
Christianity, Homosexuality
, p. 68.
Boswell,
Christianity, Homosexuality
, p. 68.
22
Boswell,
Christianity, Homosexuality
, p. 74; italics added.
Boswell,
Christianity, Homosexuality
, p. 74; italics added.
23
John Boswell,
Same-Sex Unions in Premodern Europe
. New York: Villard Books, 1994, p. 55.
John Boswell,
Same-Sex Unions in Premodern Europe
. New York: Villard Books, 1994, p. 55.
24
Boswell,
Christianity, Homosexuality
, p. 77.
Boswell,
Christianity, Homosexuality
, p. 77.
25
Boswell,
Christianity, Homosexuality
, p. 77
Boswell,
Christianity, Homosexuality
, p. 77
26
De ordine
11.4.12, cited by Boswell,
Christianity, Homosexuality
, p. 149, n. 50.
De ordine
11.4.12, cited by Boswell,
Christianity, Homosexuality
, p. 149, n. 50.
27
Gary Devore, “Echoes of Ganymede: Male Prostitution in Ancient Rome,”
Black Swan Review
(1997): 1.
Gary Devore, “Echoes of Ganymede: Male Prostitution in Ancient Rome,”
Black Swan Review
(1997): 1.
28
Claudine Dauphin, “Brothels, Baths, and Babes: Prostitution in the Byzantine Holy Land,”
Classics Ireland
3 (1996).
Claudine Dauphin, “Brothels, Baths, and Babes: Prostitution in the Byzantine Holy Land,”
Classics Ireland
3 (1996).
29
Devore, “Echoes of Ganymede,” p. 7.
Devore, “Echoes of Ganymede,” p. 7.
30
Devore, “Echoes of Ganymede,” p. 1.
Devore, “Echoes of Ganymede,” p. 1.
31
Devore, “Echoes of Ganymede,” p. 5. In Greek mythology, Ganymede is a young shepherd whom Zeus abducts and spirits to Mount Olympus in order to serve nectar and ambrosia to the other gods; in other words, the most famous kept boy ever.
Devore, “Echoes of Ganymede,” p. 5. In Greek mythology, Ganymede is a young shepherd whom Zeus abducts and spirits to Mount Olympus in order to serve nectar and ambrosia to the other gods; in other words, the most famous kept boy ever.
32
Devore, “Echoes of Ganymede,” p. 1.
Devore, “Echoes of Ganymede,” p. 1.
33
Devore, “Echoes of Ganymede,” p. 2.
Devore, “Echoes of Ganymede,” p. 2.
34
Dauphin, “Brothels, Baths, and Babes,” p. 5.
Dauphin, “Brothels, Baths, and Babes,” p. 5.
35
Dauphin, “Brothels, Baths, and Babes.”
Dauphin, “Brothels, Baths, and Babes.”
36
Dauphin, “Brothels, Baths, and Babes,” p. 6.
Dauphin, “Brothels, Baths, and Babes,” p. 6.
37
Dauphin, “Brothels, Baths, and Babes,” p. 5.
Dauphin, “Brothels, Baths, and Babes,” p. 5.
38
John Boswell,
The Kindness of Strangers
. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998, p. 113.
John Boswell,
The Kindness of Strangers
. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998, p. 113.
39
Dauphin, “Brothels, Baths, and Babes,” p. 3.
Dauphin, “Brothels, Baths, and Babes,” p. 3.
40
Devore, “Echoes of Ganymede,” p. 10.
Devore, “Echoes of Ganymede,” p. 10.
41
Paul Gordon Schalow, “Male Love in Early Modern Japan: A Literary Depiction of the ‘Youth,’” in Duberman et al.,
Hidden from History
, p. 120.
Paul Gordon Schalow, “Male Love in Early Modern Japan: A Literary Depiction of the ‘Youth,’” in Duberman et al.,
Hidden from History
, p. 120.
42
Schalow, “Male Love in Early Modern Japan,” p. 122.
Schalow, “Male Love in Early Modern Japan,” p. 122.
43
Schalow, “Male Love in Early Modern Japan,” p. 122.
Schalow, “Male Love in Early Modern Japan,” p. 122.
44
Schalow, “Male Love in Early Modern Japan,” p. 122.
Schalow, “Male Love in Early Modern Japan,” p. 122.
45
Boswell,
Same-Sex Unions
, p. 253.
Boswell,
Same-Sex Unions
, p. 253.
46
Boswell,
Same-Sex Unions
, pp. 252-253.
Boswell,
Same-Sex Unions
, pp. 252-253.
47
Boswell,
Same-Sex Unions
, p. 244. Church doctrine strictly forbade sodomy.
Boswell,
Same-Sex Unions
, p. 244. Church doctrine strictly forbade sodomy.
48
James Saslow, “Homosexuality in the Renaissance: Behavior, Identity, and Artistic Expression,” in Duberman et al.,
Hidden from History
, p. 102. Catamite refers to a pubescent boy who was the intimate companion of a young man in ancient Rome, usually in a pederastic friendship.
James Saslow, “Homosexuality in the Renaissance: Behavior, Identity, and Artistic Expression,” in Duberman et al.,
Hidden from History
, p. 102. Catamite refers to a pubescent boy who was the intimate companion of a young man in ancient Rome, usually in a pederastic friendship.
49
Michael Rocke,
Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence
. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 106.
Michael Rocke,
Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence
. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 106.
50
Jeffrey Merrick, “Sodomites and Police in Paris, 1715,”
Journal of Homosexuality
42, no. 3 (2002): 103-128.
Jeffrey Merrick, “Sodomites and Police in Paris, 1715,”
Journal of Homosexuality
42, no. 3 (2002): 103-128.
51
Merrick, “Sodomites and Police in Paris, 1715.”
Merrick, “Sodomites and Police in Paris, 1715.”
52
John Smith et al., A
Map of the World
, reprinted in Jonathan Katz,
Gay/Lesbian Almanac
. New York: Harper & Row, 1983, p. 66.
John Smith et al., A
Map of the World
, reprinted in Jonathan Katz,
Gay/Lesbian Almanac
. New York: Harper & Row, 1983, p. 66.
53
Jonathan Katz,
Gay/Lesbian Almanac
. New York: Harper & Row, 1983, p. 113
Jonathan Katz,
Gay/Lesbian Almanac
. New York: Harper & Row, 1983, p. 113
54
From a public letter dated April 25, 1826, signed by Louis Dwight, reprinted in Jonathan Katz,
Gay American History
. New York: Thomas Crowell Company, 1976, pp. 27-28.
From a public letter dated April 25, 1826, signed by Louis Dwight, reprinted in Jonathan Katz,
Gay American History
. New York: Thomas Crowell Company, 1976, pp. 27-28.
55
Katz,
Gay/Lesbian Almanac
, pp. 202, 204.
Katz,
Gay/Lesbian Almanac
, pp. 202, 204.
56
Trial proceeding for the City Vigilance League, reprinted in Katz,
Gay/Lesbian Almanac
, p. 299.
Trial proceeding for the City Vigilance League, reprinted in Katz,
Gay/Lesbian Almanac
, p. 299.
57
Katz,
Gay/Lesbian Almanac
, p. 299.
Katz,
Gay/Lesbian Almanac
, p. 299.
58
Katz,
Gay/Lesbian Almanac
, p. 219.
Katz,
Gay/Lesbian Almanac
, p. 219.
59
Katz,
Gay American History
, p. 40.
Katz,
Gay American History
, p. 40.
60
Katz,
Gay American History
, pp. 42-43.
Katz,
Gay American History
, pp. 42-43.
61
Allan Hamilton, “Insanity in its Medico-Legal Bearings,” from Allan McLane Hamilton and Lawrence Godkin,
A System of Legal Medicine
. New York: E. B. Trent & Co., 1895.
Allan Hamilton, “Insanity in its Medico-Legal Bearings,” from Allan McLane Hamilton and Lawrence Godkin,
A System of Legal Medicine
. New York: E. B. Trent & Co., 1895.
62
See John Henry Mackay,
Der Puppenjunge
, 1926 (English version
The Hustler
, Bloomington, IN: Xlibris Corporation, 2002); also see Hans Ostwald,
Mannliche Prostitution im kaiserlichen Berlin
. Berlin: Janssen Verlag, 1991.
See John Henry Mackay,
Der Puppenjunge
, 1926 (English version
The Hustler
, Bloomington, IN: Xlibris Corporation, 2002); also see Hans Ostwald,
Mannliche Prostitution im kaiserlichen Berlin
. Berlin: Janssen Verlag, 1991.
63
Jeffrey Weeks, “Inverts, Perverts, and Mary-Annes,” in Duberman et al.,
Hidden from History
, p. 202.
Jeffrey Weeks, “Inverts, Perverts, and Mary-Annes,” in Duberman et al.,
Hidden from History
, p. 202.
64
James Gardiner,
A Class Apart: The Private Pictures of Montague Glover
. London: Serpent’s Tail Press, 1992, p. 12. This collection of photographs is a stunning and invaluable history of London street life in the early 1900s. Trade may make one think of the rough and ragged, but the sharp-dressed men pictured here, posing by fountains and carriages, look like young executives by today’s standards.
James Gardiner,
A Class Apart: The Private Pictures of Montague Glover
. London: Serpent’s Tail Press, 1992, p. 12. This collection of photographs is a stunning and invaluable history of London street life in the early 1900s. Trade may make one think of the rough and ragged, but the sharp-dressed men pictured here, posing by fountains and carriages, look like young executives by today’s standards.
65
Weeks, “Inverts, Perverts,” p. 203.
Weeks, “Inverts, Perverts,” p. 203.
66
“Toff” is a mildly derogatory term for someone with an aristocratic background or belonging to the landed gentry, particularly someone who exudes an air of superiority.
“Toff” is a mildly derogatory term for someone with an aristocratic background or belonging to the landed gentry, particularly someone who exudes an air of superiority.
67
Gardiner,
A Class Apart
, p. 13.
Gardiner,
A Class Apart
, p. 13.
68
Gardiner,
A Class Apart
, p. 51.
Gardiner,
A Class Apart
, p. 51.
69
Weeks, “Inverts, Perverts,” p. 211.
Weeks, “Inverts, Perverts,” p. 211.
70
Weeks, “Inverts, Perverts,” p. 208.
Weeks, “Inverts, Perverts,” p. 208.
71
Weeks, “Inverts, Perverts,” p. 205.
Weeks, “Inverts, Perverts,” p. 205.
72
Weeks, “Inverts, Perverts,” p. 198.
Weeks, “Inverts, Perverts,” p. 198.
73
Weeks, “Inverts, Perverts.”
Weeks, “Inverts, Perverts.”
74
Von Gloeden Archives, the Kinsey Institute for Sex, Gender, and Reproduction.
Von Gloeden Archives, the Kinsey Institute for Sex, Gender, and Reproduction.
75
Roland Barthes, in the foreword to
Wilhelm von Gloeden
. Pasadena, CA: Twelvetrees Press, 1990, p. iv.
Roland Barthes, in the foreword to
Wilhelm von Gloeden
. Pasadena, CA: Twelvetrees Press, 1990, p. iv.
76
Thomas Waugh,
Hard to Imagine
. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996.
Thomas Waugh,
Hard to Imagine
. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996.
77
It is important to mention that we have not discussed men being hired for sex by female clients.
It is important to mention that we have not discussed men being hired for sex by female clients.
78
Mack Friedman,
Strapped for Cash: A History of American Hustler Culture
. Los Angeles: Alyson Publications, 2003. Note that this conclusion may not hold true for transgender sex workers (especially male-to-female transgender people), who appear to have been singled out for marginalization above and beyond any other sex work group when they have historically appeared.
Mack Friedman,
Strapped for Cash: A History of American Hustler Culture
. Los Angeles: Alyson Publications, 2003. Note that this conclusion may not hold true for transgender sex workers (especially male-to-female transgender people), who appear to have been singled out for marginalization above and beyond any other sex work group when they have historically appeared.
79
Samuel Delaney,
Times Square Red/Times Square Blue
. New York: New York University Press, 1999. Also see Dangerous Bedfellows, ed.,
Policing Public Sex: Queer Politics and the Future of AIDS Activism
. Boston: South End Press, 2008.
Samuel Delaney,
Times Square Red/Times Square Blue
. New York: New York University Press, 1999. Also see Dangerous Bedfellows, ed.,
Policing Public Sex: Queer Politics and the Future of AIDS Activism
. Boston: South End Press, 2008.
80
M. R. Friedman, S. P. Kurtz, M. Buttram, C. Wei, A. J. Silvestre, and R. Stall, “HIV Risk among Substance-Using Men Who Have Sex with Men and Women (MSMW): Findings from South Florida.”
AIDS and Behavior
(e-published May 2013); R. Stall, M. R. Friedman, M. Buttram, and S. Kurtz,
Syndemic Associations of HIV Risk among Sex-Working MSM in Miami and Ft. Lauderdale, USA
, presentation at International AIDS Conference, 2012, Washington, DC; also see R. Stall, M. R. Friedman, M. Buttram, and S. Kurtz, “Party, Play and Pay: Associations between Transactional Sex and High-Risk UAI among Substance-Using MSM in South Florida,” presentation at International AIDS Conference, 2012, Washington, DC; also see M. R. Friedman, T. Guadamuz, and M. Marshal, “Male Youth Engaged in Sex Work: Health Disparities and Outcomes in Early Adulthood,” presentation at National HIV Prevention Conference, 2011, Atlanta, GA.
M. R. Friedman, S. P. Kurtz, M. Buttram, C. Wei, A. J. Silvestre, and R. Stall, “HIV Risk among Substance-Using Men Who Have Sex with Men and Women (MSMW): Findings from South Florida.”
AIDS and Behavior
(e-published May 2013); R. Stall, M. R. Friedman, M. Buttram, and S. Kurtz,
Syndemic Associations of HIV Risk among Sex-Working MSM in Miami and Ft. Lauderdale, USA
, presentation at International AIDS Conference, 2012, Washington, DC; also see R. Stall, M. R. Friedman, M. Buttram, and S. Kurtz, “Party, Play and Pay: Associations between Transactional Sex and High-Risk UAI among Substance-Using MSM in South Florida,” presentation at International AIDS Conference, 2012, Washington, DC; also see M. R. Friedman, T. Guadamuz, and M. Marshal, “Male Youth Engaged in Sex Work: Health Disparities and Outcomes in Early Adulthood,” presentation at National HIV Prevention Conference, 2011, Atlanta, GA.
81
Friedman,
Strapped for Cash
.
Friedman,
Strapped for Cash
.
Male sex work as a profession has changed considerably in modern times, as have many other occupations. Kerwin Kaye demonstrates the importance of economics, especially class, in understanding the new structure and organizational culture of male sex work that has emerged. Some early aspects of male sex work have remained important, such as its intergenerational nature (difference in age between client and sex worker), which can best be understood through the lens of status and active and passive masculinities. What has changed in modern times is the understanding of the male body; for example, a new eroticization has emerged along class lines, as the male body has been increasingly commodified and given a “market value” as an object of consumption. Nonetheless, older myths regarding the male body, especially relating to race and age, remain important in imagining the real world of male prowess and performance
.
.
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