Marketplace of the Marvelous (50 page)

77.
Nancy Tomes, “The Great American Medicine Show Revisited,”
Bulletin of the History of Medicine
79, no. 4 (2005): 635; Anderson,
Snake Oil
, 31; Young,
Medical Messiahs
, 20.

78.
FDA, “A History of the FDA and Drug Regulation in the United States,”
http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/WhatWeDo/History/default.htm;
Julie Donohue, “A History of Drug Advertising: The Evolving Roles of Consumers and Consumer Protection,”
Milbank Quarterly
84, no. 4 (2006): 663–64; Stage,
Female Complaints
, 170–71.

79.
Umbreit,
Pending Medical Legislation
, 12.

80.
Umbreit, “The Reinhardts and Their Frauds,” 16–17; “The Reinhardt Case Concluded: The End of a Long Fight for the Protection of the Public Against Imposition,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
51 (October 3, 1908): 1144–49.

81.
“The Reinhardt Case Concluded.”

82.
“Williams' Electric Batteries,” image on
Quackery: A Brief History of Quack Medicines and Peddlers
,
http://www.authentichistory.com/1898–1913/2-progressivism/8-quackery/index.html
(December 23, 2012).

83.
Peter Conrad and Valerie Leiter, “From Lydia Pinkham to Queen Levitra: Direct-to-Consumer Advertising and Medicalization,” in Simon J. Williams et al., eds.,
Pharmaceuticals and Society: Critical Discourses and Debates
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2009), 18–23; Dominick L. Frosch et al., “A Decade of Controversy: Balancing Policy with Evidence in the Regulation of Prescription Drug Advertising,”
American Journal of Public Health
100, no. 1 (January 2010): 24–25, 31.

1.
B. J. Palmer,
The Science of Chiropractic: Its Principles and Philosophies
, 4th ed. (Davenport, IA: Palmer School of Chiropractic, 1920), 59–61; D. D. Palmer,
Text-Book of the Science, Art, and Philosophy of Chiropractic, for Students and Practitioners
(Portland, ME: Portland Printing House, 1910), 10, 18; Wardwell, “Chiropractors,” in Gevitz,
Other Healers
, 157–58.

2.
Moore,
Chiropractic in America
, 4.

3.
Ibid., 15.

4.
Hippocrates, “On the Articulations,” trans. Francis Adams, online at Internet Classics Archive,
http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/artic.html
.

5.
Moore,
Chiropractic in America
, 15–17; Pettman, “History of Manipulative Therapy.”

6.
Moore,
Chiropractic in America
, 15–16; Richard Dean Smith, “Avicenna and the
Canon of Medicine
: A Millennial Tribute,”
Western Journal of Medicine
133 (October 1980): 368.

7.
James Caulfield, “Mrs. Mapp, The Female Bone-setter,” in
Portraits, Memoirs, and Characters, of Remarkable Persons, from the Revolution in 1688 to the End of the Reign of George II: Collected from the Authentic Accounts Extant
, vol. 4 (London: T. H. Whiteley, 1820), 70–77; Moore,
Chiropractic in America
, 16–17.

8.
Paul Slack, “Mirrors of Health and Treasures of Poor Men: The Uses of the Vernacular Medical Literature of Tudor England,” in
Health, Medicine, and Mortality in the Sixteenth Century
, ed. Charles Webster (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 237.

9.
Moore,
Chiropractic in America
, 16–17.

10.
J. Paget, “Cases That Bonesetters Cure,”
British Medical Journal
1 (1867): 1–4.

11.
Moore,
Chiropractic in America
, 17.

12.
Leonard F. Peltier, MD,
Fractures: A History and Iconography of Their Treatment
(San Francisco: Norman Publishing, 1990), 4–5; Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 144.

13.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 143.

14.
Ibid., 142–43.

15.
Gevitz, “Osteopathic Medicine,” in Gevitz,
Other Healers
, 125.

16.
Still, “Osteopathy.”

17.
Walter,
Women and Osteopathic Medicine
, 6–7.

18.
Pettman, “History of Manipulative Therapy.”

19.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 144; Walter,
Women and Osteopathic Medi
cine
, 8–9.

20.
Cohen, “Medical Social Movements,” 76; Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 144.

21.
Still, “Osteopathy,” 2.

22.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 145.

23.
Cohen, “Medical Social Movements,” 76.

24.
Still,
Autobiography
, 287.

25.
Still, “Osteopathy,” 3.

26.
Still,
Autobiography
, 371.

27.
Ibid., 219, 310.

28.
Pettman, “History of Manipulative Therapy.”

29.
Still, “Osteopathy,” 4.

30.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 148–50.

31.
Still,
Osteopathy: Research and Practice
, 338.

32.
Still,
Autobiography
, 32.

33.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 149.

34.
Ibid., 150.

35.
A. T. Still, “Differences Between Osteopathy and Massage,” in George Webster,
Concerning Osteopathy
(Norwood, MA: Plimpton Press, 1917), 93.

36.
Emmons Rutledge Booth,
History of Osteopathy, and Twentieth Century Medical Practice
(Cincinnati: Press of Jennings and Graham, 1905), 33.

37.
Gevitz, “Osteopathic Medicine,” in Gevitz,
Other Healers
, 129–30.

38.
Arthur Hildreth,
The Lengthening Shadow of Dr. Andrew Taylor Still
(Kirksville, MO: Journal Printing, 1942), 31.

39.
Cohen, “Medical Social Movements,” 78–79, 81–83; Baer, “Divergence and Convergence,” 184.

40.
Quoted in Walter,
Women and Osteopathic Medicine
, 12.

41.
Lara Vapnek,
Breadwinners: Working Women and Economic Independence, 1865–1920
(Carbondale: University of Illinois Press, 2009), 11–13.

42.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 151; Walter,
Women and Osteopathic Medicine
, 13; Still,
Autobiography
, 156.

43.
Still,
Autobiography
, 155.

44.
Walter,
Women and Osteopathic Medicine
, 12.

45.
Wardwell,
Chiropractic
, 52–53.

46.
Moore,
Chiropractic in America
, 6–12.

47.
Gielow,
Old Dad Chiro
, 47–48.

48.
Wardwell,
Chiropractic
, 53.

49.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 167.

50.
Gielow,
Old Dad Chiro
, 44, 47.

51.
Moore,
Chiropractic in America
, 14.

52.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 167.

53.
Gielow,
Old Dad Chiro
, 79; ibid., 168.

54.
Wardwell,
Chiropractic
, 56.

55.
Moore,
Chiropractic in America
, 19.

56.
Ibid., 21.

57.
Wardwell, “Chiropractic,” in Gevitz,
Other Healers
, 189; Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 169–71; Moore.
Chiropractic in America
, 21–22.

58.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 170–71.

59.
Palmer,
The Chiropractic Adjustor
, 21–22, 380.

60.
Ibid., 558; Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 173.

61.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 173.

62.
Martin, “The Only Truly Scientific Method of Healing,” 213.

63.
Still,
Autobiography
, 208.

64.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 146.

65.
Andrew T. Still, “Body and Soul of Man,” 2 (1903), Andrew Taylor Still Papers, Missouri Digital Heritage,
http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/u?/atsu,736
.

66.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 146.

67.
Ibid., 171–72.

68.
Palmer,
The Chiropractic Adjustor
, 835–39.

69.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 172.

70.
Moore,
Chiropractic in America
, 105–6.

71.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 174; Wardwell,
Chiropractic
, 59; Susan Smith-Cunnien, “Without Drugs or Knives: The Early Years of Chiropractic,”
Minnesota History
59, no. 5 (Spring 2005): 202.

72.
Palmer quoted in Moore,
Chiropractic in America
, 108.

73.
Oakley Smith,
Naprapathy Genetics: Being a Study of the Origin and Development of Naprapathy
(Chicago: printed by the author, 1932), 5–6.

74.
Matthew Brennan, “Perspectives on Chiropractic Education in Medical Literature, 1910–1933,”
Chiropractic History
3 (1983): 285–88.

75.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 185–87.

76.
“Chiropractic Candor,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
75 (November 19, 1920): 1276.

77.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 186–87; Wardwell, “Chiropractors,” in Gevitz,
Other Healers
, 158–59; Moore, 46–49; Thomas Lamar, “From Broadcasting to Podcasting: Chiropractic Is on the Air!,” part I, Spinal Column Radio,
http://spinalcolumnradio.com/2010/02/05/from-broadcasting-to-podcasting-chiropractic-is-on-the-air-part-1/;
“Chiropractic Candor,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
, 1276.

78.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 152.

79.
Still,
Autobiography
, 321–22.

80.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 152–53; Cohen, “Medical Social Movements,” 93–94.

81.
Laughlin quoted Baer,
Biomedicine and Alternative Healing Systems
, 54, 53.

82.
Ibid., 53–55.

83.
Ibid., 72–73; Moore,
Chiropractic in America
, 94–98.

84.
Cohen, “Medical Social Movements,” 93–99.

85.
Russell Gibbons,
Chiropractic History: Lost, Strayed or Stolen
(Davenport, IA: Palmer College Student Council, 1976), 13-14.

86.
Gevitz, “Osteopathic Medicine,” in Gevitz,
Other Healers
, 132–34.

87.
Ibid., 134–35.

88.
Still,
Autobiography
, 395–96.

89.
Cohen, “Medical Social Movements,” 106.

90.
Wardwell,
Chiropractic
, 58–63.

91.
Cohen, “Medical Social Movements,” 106; Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 182–84.

92.
Wardwell,
Chiropractic
, 68–69.

93.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 182–83; Wardwell,
Chiropractic
, 67.

94.
Palmer,
The Chiropractic Adjustor
, 146, 256, 695.

95.
John Wesley,
Primitive Physick
, 14th ed. (Philadelphia, 1770), 57, 61–62.

96.
Harvey Green and Mary Elizabeth Perry,
The Light of the Home: An Intimate View of the Lives of Women in Victorian America
(New York: Pantheon, 1983), 138–39.

97.
Leica Claydon et al., “Dose-specific Effects of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) on Experimental Pain: A Systematic Review,”
Clinical Journal of Pain
27 (September 2011): 635–47; Richard M. Dubinksy and Janis Miyasaki, “Assessment: Efficacy of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in the Treatment of Pain in Neurologic Disorders,”
Neurology
74 (January 12, 2010): 173–76.

98.
“Mr. Frank X. Trudell,”
Anaconda (MT) Standard
, March 31, 1907, 12; Moore,
Chiropractic in America
, 23–25, 31–41.

99.
Moore,
Chiropractic in America
, 22–23; Starr,
Social Transformation of American Medicine
, 54–58.

100.
Cohen, “Medical Social Movements,” 100; Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 159–60.

101.
B. J. Palmer,
The Philosophy of Chiropractic
(Davenport, IA: Palmer School of Chiropractic, 1909), 5:6.

102.
I. D. Coulter, “Chiropractic and Medical Education: A Contrast in Models of Health and Illness,”
Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association
27, no. 4 (December 1983): 153.

103.
James B. Campbell et al., “Chiropractic and Vaccination: A Historical Perspective,”
Pediatrics
105, no. 4 (April 1, 2000),
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/105/4/e43.full;
Martin, “Chiropractic and the Social Context of Medical Technology,” 814.

104.
Moore,
Chiropractic in America
, 142–49.

105.
Cohen, “Medical Social Movements,” 82–83.

106.
Twain quoted in Ober,
Mark Twain and Medicine
, 160–63.

107.
“Topics of the Times,”
New York Times
, May 31, 1905, ProQuest Historical Newspapers:
New York Times
(1851–2008), accessed March 9, 2012.

108.
Richard Newton, “Is There Any Good in Osteopathy?,”
American Medicine
6 (1903): 616–17; Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 152–53.