Authors: Martha Hodes
14
.
best friend:
“The Richmond Freedmen: Their Visit to the President,”
New York Daily Tribune
, June 17, 1865;
welcomed, laws, women, many:
“From Committee of Richmond Blacks,” Richmond, Va., June 10, 1865,
PAJ
, 8:210–14 and n6;
political, poured:
“From Delegation Representing the Black People of Kentucky,” Washington, D.C., June 9, 1865,
PAJ
, 8:203–5;
protecting:
“From South Carolina Black Citizens,” [no city], June 29, 1865,
PAJ
, 8:317;
expect:
Chicago Tribune
, June 15, 1865, cited in
PAJ
, 8:205n8.
15
.
fitting:
Charles Francis Adams diary, Apr. 26, 1865, Adams Papers, MHS;
rehabilitation:
Charles Francis Adams to Charles Francis Adams Jr., London, May 12, 1865, Letters Received and Other Loose Papers, Adams Papers, MHS.
16
.
Whig:
Charles Francis Adams diary, May 25, 1865, Adams Papers, MHS;
blockade:
Charles Francis Adams to William Hunter, London, May 25, 1865, Letterbooks, Adams Papers, MHS;
whipped, shuddered, tired, beaten:
Benjamin Moran diary, Apr. 17, May 26, 31, 17, 1865, Moran Papers, LC;
protect:
Charles Francis Adams diary, May 26, 1865, Adams Papers, MHS.
17
.
sacrifice, no difficulty:
Charles Francis Adams diary, July 10, 1865, Adams Papers, MHS;
lenient:
Charles Francis Adams to William Hunter, London, May 25, 1865, Letter-books, Adams Papers, MHS.
18
.
readmitting:
“Proclamation Establishing Government for North Carolina,” May 29, 1865,
PAJ
, 8:136–38;
white:
John W. Gorham to Andrew Johnson, Clarksville, Tenn., June 3, 1865,
PAJ
, 8:173.
19
.
not dead:
P. Houston Murray, “Negro Suffering and Suffrage in the South,” Natchez, Miss., June 10, 1865,
Christian Recorder
, published July 1, 1865;
trouble:
J. H. Payne, “Letter from Wilmington,” Wilmington, N.C., Aug. 12, 1865,
Christian Recorder
, published Aug. 19, 1865;
mistaken:
J. J. Wright, “Reconstruction,”
Christian Recorder
, July 8, 1865.
20
.
question:
Henry W. Halleck to Francis Lieber, Richmond, Va., June 14, 1865, box 10, Lieber Papers, HL;
please:
Nicholas B. Wainwright, ed.,
A Philadelphia Perspective: The Diary of Sidney George Fisher …, 1834–1871
(Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1967), 499 (June 8, 1865, entry);
voters, gained:
Abial H. Edwards to Marcia Edwards, Darlington, S.C., Aug. 13, 1865, and Abial H. Edwards to Anna L. Conant, Darlington, S.C., Oct. 22, 1865, in
“Dear Friend Anna”: The Civil War Letters of a Common Soldier from Maine
, ed. Beverly Hayes Kallgren and James L. Crouthamel (Orono: University of Maine Press, 1992), 135, 140.
21
.
abandoned, unquestionably:
Carl Schurz to Frederick Althaus, Bethlehem, Pa., June 25, 1865, and Carl Schurz to wife, Savannah, Ga., July 30, 1865, in
Intimate Letters of Carl Schurz, 1841–1869
, trans. and ed. Joseph Schafer (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1928), 341, 345;
not abolished:
Martha Coffin Wright to sisters, Auburn, N.Y., June 25, 1865, box 266, Garrison Family Papers, SSC;
Andy:
Samuel Miller Quincy to mother, New Orleans, June 28, 1865, Quincy, Wendell, Holmes, Upham Family Papers, MHS.
22
.
slavery:
Frederick Douglass, “In What New Skin Will the Old Snake Come Forth?: An Address Delivered in New York, New York, on 10 May 1865,”
FDP
, ser. 1, 4:83, 85.
23
.
freedpeople:
David Todd to George Whipple, Pine Bluff, Ark., May 31, 1865,
#4608, reel 8, AMA;
sorry:
Eliza F. Andrews,
The War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl, 1864–1865
(New York: D. Appleton, 1908), 281–82 (June 1, 1865, entry), DocSouth, docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/andrews/menu.html;
not think:
Richard L. Troutman, ed.,
The Heavens Are Weeping: The Diaries of George Richard Browder, 1852–1886
(Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan, 1987), 199 (June 1, 1865, entry);
friends:
Hattie Powell to Nina Powell, Richmond, Va., June 15, 1865, Powell Family Papers, ser. C, reel 6, WM-SWF.
24
.
festival:
Caroline Barrett White diary, June 1, 1865, White Papers, AAS;
show:
George E. Ellis diary, June 1, 1865, Ellis Papers, MHS;
imitation:
Ezra Stiles Gannett daily journal, June 1, 1865, Gannett Papers, MHS;
work:
Alpheus B. Kenyon diary, June 1, 1865, GWBW;
glorious:
Kate Hunter journal, June 1, 1865, Hunter Family Papers, ser. B,
part 2
, reel 27, NHS-NWF;
chess:
Simon Newcomb to wife, Washington, D.C., June 1, 1865, Newcomb Papers, LC;
backgammon:
Mary Dreer diary, June 1, 1865, Edwin Greble Papers, LC;
soldiers:
William D. Guernsey to Emeline Guernsey, Atlanta, Ga., June 1, 1865, Guernsey Family Papers, HL;
more truly:
Anna Cabot Lowell diary, June 1, 1865, MHS;
still lives:
Abram Verrick Parmenter diary, June 1, 1865, Parmenter Papers, LC;
sacred:
Mary (Jackson) Darlington to William S. Jackson, Elkdale, Pa., June 1, 1865, Alger Family Papers, SL;
hauling:
F. C. Chambers diary, June 1, 1865, Chambers Family Diaries, Princeton.
25
.
unsurpassed:
Frederick Douglass eulogy on Abraham Lincoln, June 1, 1865, holo-graph document, #177, digital ID #al0177, Frederick Douglass Papers, LC, available at loc.gov/exhibits/lincoln/lincoln-and-frederick-douglass.html;
real:
Martha Fisher Anderson diary, June 1, 1865, MHS;
slave power:
Lucretia Hale to Charles Hale, Brookline, Mass., June 2, 1865, box 50, Hale Family Papers, SSC.
26
.
malice:
Robert W. Chaffin journal, May 14, 1865, Washington Sandford Chaffin Papers, Duke;
hateful:
Sarah Lois Wadley diary, May 13, 1865, Wadley Papers, ser. A,
part 3
, reel 6, SHC-SWF;
unbearable:
Elizabeth (Alsop) Wynne diary, Apr. 22, 1865, Wynne Family Papers, ser. D,
part 3
, reel 52, VHS-SWF;
exulting:
Samuel A. Burney to wife, Wooten’s Station, Ga., Apr. 26, 1865, in
A Southern Soldier’s Letters Home: The Civil War Letters of Samuel A. Burney, Cobb’s Georgia Legion, Army of Northern Virginia
, ed. Nat S. Turner III (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 2003), 293.
27
.
walk, horrid:
Emma F. LeConte diary, May 17 and “Thursday” [May 18], 1865, reel 22, SHC-AWD-South;
negro presiden
t: Mary H. and Dallas M. Lancaster, eds.,
The Civil War Diary of Anne S. Frobel
(McLean, Va.: EPM, 1992), 226 (May 10, 1865, entry).
28
.
cowed:
John Payne to W. W. Thomas, near Mobile, Ala., May 26, 1865, Payne Papers, Civil War Miscellaneous Letters and Papers, Schomburg;
badly:
Henry J. Peck to Mary Peck, Richmond, Va., May 1, 1865, Peck Correspondence, NYSL;
whipped, beaten:
Benjamin Moran diary, Apr. 17, May 17, 1865, Moran Papers, LC;
completely:
William C. McLean diary, May 2, 1865, ts., McLean Family Papers, NYSL;
nature:
Henry A. Chambers diary, Apr. 10, 1865, Chambers Papers, SHC;
subjugated:
Caroline Thornton diary, Apr. 9, 1865, Green Family Papers, ser. D,
part 3
, reel 16, VHS-SWF;
flies:
Cornelia Spencer journal, June 8, 1865, Spencer Papers, ser. A,
part 7
, reel 16, SHC-SWF.
29
.
rivet:
John Q. Anderson, ed.,
Brokenburn: The Journal of Kate Stone, 1861–1868
(1955; reprint, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995), 340 (May 15, 1865,
entry);
bondage:
sister to “Fannie,” “Willowdew,” June 6, 1865, Graves Family Papers, ser. A,
part 5
, reel 11, SHC-SWF;
vilest:
Daniel E. Sutherland, ed.,
A Very Violent Rebel: The Civil War Diary of Ellen Renshaw House
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1996), 165 (May 25, 1865, entry);
race, without:
William Kauffman Scarborough, ed.,
The Diary of Edmund Ruffin: A Dream Shattered, June, 1863–June, 1865
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 884, 889 (May 9, 13, 1865, entries).
For a rare Confederate voice articulating that former masters “have now changed in their opinions” about slavery because of God’s punishment through war, see Norman D. Brown, ed.,
One of Cleburne’s Command: The Civil War Reminiscences and Diary of Capt. Samuel T. Foster, Granbury’s Texas Brigade, CSA
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1980), 171 (Apr. 30, 1865, entry), and see 176 (May 16, 1865, entry), professing readiness to submit.
30
.
Yankee:
Junius Newport Bragg to Anna J. G. Bragg, near Marshall, Tex., Apr. 23, 1865, in Bragg,
Letters of a Confederate Surgeon, 1861–65
, ed. Helen Bragg Gaughan (Camden, Ark.: Hurley, 1960), 272, ACWLD;
Europe:
Charles Woodward Hutson to “My dear friend,” Paris, [day illegible], 1865, Hutson Papers, SHC.
For Latin America, see Matthew Pratt Guterl,
American Mediterranean: Southern Slaveholders in the Age of Emancipation
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008), 79–113, and Cyrus B. Dawsey and James M. Dawsey, eds.,
The Confederados: Old South Immigrants in Brazil
(Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1995).
31
.
outrage:
Scarborough,
Diary of Edmund Ruffin
, 946 (June 16–18, 1865, entries);
bear:
Charles Woodward Hutson diary, Apr. 18, 1865, Hutson Papers, SHC;
years:
John Steele Henderson diary, July 23, 1865, ts., Henderson Papers, ser. J, part 13, reel 25, SHC-RSP;
not all:
Henry Robinson Berkeley diary, June 24, 1865, Berkeley Papers, ser. A, reel 2, VHS-CMM.
32
.
second:
Cloe (Whittle) Greene diary, Apr. 19, 1865, reel 4, WM-AWD-South;
two:
Martha E. Foster Crawford diary, June 17, 1865, ser. H,
part 2
, reel 21, Duke-SWF, and see Abraham Lincoln, “‘A House Divided’: Speech at Springfield, Illinois,” June 16, 1858, in
CWL
, 2:461;
Reconstruction:
Elizabeth Collier diary, Apr. 25, 1865, ts., SHC;
sooner:
E. S. Mallory to Edward J. Garnet, Liberty, Va., May 12, 1865, Flora Morgan McCabe Papers, LC.
33
.
best:
Anderson,
Brokenburn
, 340 (May 15, 1865, entry);
bully:
Henry Robinson Berkeley diary, May 20, 1865, Berkeley Papers, ser. A, reel 2, VHS-CMM;
venerate:
Julia Watson to Katherine Douglas Meares, Lexington, England, June 15, 1865, De Rosset Family Papers, ser. A,
part 8
, reel 16, SHC-SWF.
34
.
Clausewitz:
James M. McPherson, “War and Politics,” in Geoffrey C. Ward,
The Civil War: An Illustrated History
(New York: Vintage, 1994), 282, writing about the year 1864.
35
.
fiercer:
Frederick Douglass, “The Fall of Richmond: An Address Delivered in Boston, Massachusetts, on 4 April 1865,”
FDP
, ser. 1, 4:73, and Douglass made the same point yet earlier, in “Emancipation, Racism, and the Work before Us: An Address Delivered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 4 December 1863,”
FDP
, ser. 1, 4:605 (“the bitter revenge which shall crystalize all over the South”);
cessation:
“Lee’s Surrender—Peace,”
New York Anglo-African
, Apr. 15, 1865 (published before news of the assassination arrived).
36
.
spirit:
Frederick Douglass, “Our Martyred President: An Address Delivered in Rochester, New York, on 15 April 1865,”
FDP
, ser. 1, 4:78;
saved:
James Freeman Clarke, “Who Hath Abolished Death,” in
Sermons Preached in Boston on the Death of Abraham Lincoln
(Boston: J. E. Tilton, 1865), 101–2.
Scholars have implied that the victors made Reconstruction harsher as a result of Lincoln’s assassination. For example, John Fabian Witt writes, “After John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln on April 14, a mere five days after the courtly meeting of military commanders at Appomattox, northern sentiment tipped toward a fierce justice for the postwar world”; see
Lincoln’s Code: The Laws of War in American History
(New York: Free Press, 2012), 286–87. William C. Harris writes that “the spirit of vengeance that swept the North following Lincoln’s murder greatly complicated postwar reconstruction”; see
With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1997), 265. Don E. Fehrenbacher writes that Lincoln’s assassination “undoubtedly helped set the emotional tone for a harsher reconstruction policy”; see “The Death of Lincoln,” in
Lincoln in Text and Context: Collected Essays
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1987), 170.
37
.
vestige:
“George W. Julian’s Journal—The Assassination of Lincoln,”
Indiana Magazine of History
11 (1915), 335 (Apr. 15, 1865, entry);
lesson:
Wendell Phillips, “The Lesson of President Lincoln’s Death: A Speech of Wendell Phillips at the Tremont Temple, on Sunday Evening, April 23, 1865,” in
Universal Suffrage, and Complete Equality in Citizenship, the Safeguards of Democratic Institutions
(Boston: Rand and Avery, 1865), 16, 14. See also S. W. Magill to “Secretaries A.M.A.,” Savannah, Ga., May 8, 1865, #19368, reel 30, AMA: a white missionary working among freedpeople understood Lincoln’s death as divine providence, since the crime brought the nation to “a sharper & better tone in regard to the punishment of traitors, and the carrying out of the great measures for which Mr. Lincoln became a martyr.”