Authors: Martha Hodes
On
communication and rumors,
see Richard R. John,
Network Nation: Inventing American Telecommunications
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2010); Daniel Walker Howe,
What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2007); Alice Fahs, “Northern and Southern Worlds of Print,” in
Perspectives in American Book History
, ed. Scott Casper et al. (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002), 195–222; and Jean-Noël Kapferer,
Rumors: Uses, Interpretations, and Images
(New Brunswick: Transaction, 1990). On
the telegraph,
see David Hochfelder,
The Telegraph in America, 1832–1920
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012); Robert Luther Thompson,
Wiring a Continent: The History of the Telegraph Industry in the United States
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1947); and David Homer Bates,
Lincoln in the Telegraph Office: Recollections of the United States Military Telegraph Corps during the Civil War
(New York: Century, 1907). On
imagined universality,
see Benedict Anderson,
Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism
, rev. ed. (New York: Verso, 1991). On
reading faces in the nineteenth century,
see Karen Halttunen,
Confidence Men and Painted Women: A Study of Middle-Class Culture in America, 1830–1870
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), 153–90. On
assassination sermons,
see David B. Chesebrough,
“No Sorrow Like Our Sorrow”: Northern Protestant Ministers and the Assassination of Lincoln
(Kent,
Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1994); Rollin W. Quimby, “Lincoln’s Character as Described in Sermons at the Time of His Death,”
Lincoln Herald
69 (1967), 178–86 (with an objectionable last line excoriating the radical Republicans); Charles J. Stewart, “The Pulpit and the Assassination of Lincoln,”
Quarterly Journal of Speech
50 (1964), 299–307; Jay Monaghan, “An Analysis of Lincoln’s Funeral Sermons,”
Indiana Magazine of History
41 (1945), 31–44; and Chester Forrester Dunham,
The Attitude of the Northern Clergy toward the South, 1860–1865
(Toledo, Ohio: Gray, 1942). On
Easter decorations,
see Leigh Eric Schmidt, “The Easter Parade: Piety, Fashion, and Display,”
Religion and American Culture
4 (1994), 135–64. On
memorabilia and relics,
see Teresa Barnett,
Sacred Relics: Pieces of the Past in Nineteenth-Century America
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013); Ellen Gruber Garvey,
Writing with Scissors: American Scrapbooks from the Civil War to the Harlem Renaissance
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2013); Michael DeGruccio, “Letting the War Slip through Our Hands: Material Culture and the Weakness of Words in the Civil War Era,” in
Weirding the War: Stories from the Civil War’s Ragged Edges
, ed. Stephen Berry (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011), 15–35; Helen R. Purtle, “Lincoln Memorabilia in the Medical Museum of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology,”
Bulletin of the History of Medicine
32 (1958), 68–74; and Matthew Dennis,
American Relics and the Politics of Public Memory
, forthcoming. On
Lincoln’s birthday,
see Matthew Dennis,
Red, White, and Blue Letter Days: An American Calendar
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2002). On
the assassination of President James A. Garfield,
see Candice Millard,
Destiny of the Republic: A Tale of Madness, Medicine, and the Murder of a President
(New York: Doubleday, 2011); on
the assassination of President John F. Kennedy,
see Martha Hodes, “‘Where Were You When You Heard?’” in
The Day Kennedy Died: Fifty Years Later: LIFE Remembers the Man and the Moment
(New York: Time Home Entertainment, 2013), 96–99; Ellen Fitzpatrick,
Letters to Jackie: Condolences for a Grieving Nation
(New York: HarperCollins, 2010); John B. Jovich,
Reflections on JFK’s Assassination: 250 Famous Americans Remember November 22, 1963
(Kensington, Md.: Woodbine House, 1968); William Manchester,
The Death of a President: November 20–November 25, 1863
(New York: Harper and Row, 1967); Theodore H. White,
The Making of the President 1964
(New York: Atheneum, 1965); and “Walter Cronkite Announces Death of JFK,” youtube.com/watch?v=RE-TCzIHrLI. For
September 11, 2001, headlines,
see “Today’s Front Pages, Wednesday September 12, 2001,”
Newseum.org,newseum.org/todaysfrontpages/default_archive.asp?fpArchive=091201
.
On
death in the Civil War,
see especially Drew Gilpin Faust,
This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008). And see Ian Finseth, “The Civil War Dead: Realism and the Problem of Anonymity,”
American Literary History
25 (2013), 535–62; J. David Book, “‘Death Is Every Where Present,’”
Vermont History
79 (2011), 26–57; Mark S. Schantz,
Awaiting the Heavenly Country: The Civil War and America’s Culture of Death
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2008); and John R. Neff,
Honoring the Civil War Dead: Commemoration and the Problem of Reconciliation
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005). See also Megan Kate Nelson,
Ruin Nation: Destruction and the American Civil War
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2012); and Frances M. Clarke,
War Stories: Suffering and Sacrifice in the Civil War North
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011). On
the numbers of Civil War dead,
see J. David Hacker, “A Census-Based Count of the Civil War Dead,”
Civil War History
57 (2011), 307–48, including James M. McPherson, “Commentary on ‘A Census-Based Count of the Civil War Dead’”; note that it has proven impossible to estimate Union versus Confederate numbers. See also Nicholas Marshall, “The Great Exaggeration: Death and the Civil War,”
Journal of the Civil War Era
4 (2014), 3–27. On
mourning practices and ideas about death,
see Sarah Nehama,
In Death Lamented: The Tradition of Anglo-American Mourning Jewelry
, exh. cat. (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 2012); Suzanne E. Smith,
To Serve the Living: Funeral Directors and the African American Way of Death
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2010); Vincent Brown,
The Reaper’s Garden: Death and Power in the World of Atlantic Slavery
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008); Lucy E. Frank, ed.,
Representations of Death in Nineteenth-Century U.S. Writing and Culture
(Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2007); Robert V. Wells,
Facing the ‘King of Terrors’: Death and Society in an American Community, 1750–1990
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Pat Jalland,
Death in the Victorian Family
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); Gary Laderman,
The Sacred Remains: American Attitudes toward Death, 1799–1883
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996); Colleen McDannell and Bernhard Lang,
Heaven: A History
(1988; reprint, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001); Lou Taylor,
Mourning Dress: A Costume and Social History
(London: Allen and Unwin, 1983); Karen Halttunen,
Confidence Men and Painted Women: A Study of Middle-Class Culture in America, 1830–1870
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), 124–52; Philippe Ariès,
The Hour of Our Death
, trans.
Helen Weaver (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1981); David R. Roediger, “And Die in Dixie: Funerals, Death, and Heaven in the Slave Community, 1700–1865,”
Massachusetts Review
22 (1981), 163–83; Martha V. Pike and Janice Gray Armstrong, eds.,
A Time to Mourn: Expressions of Grief in Nineteenth-Century America
(Stony Brook, N.Y.: Museums at Stony Brook, 1980); Philippe Ariès,
Western Attitudes toward Death: From the Middle Ages to the Present
, trans. Patricia M. Ranum (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974); Ann Douglas, “Heaven Our Home: Consolation Literature in the Northern United States, 1830–1880,”
American Quarterly
26 (1974), 496–515; and Lewis O. Saum, “Death in the Popular Mind of Pre–Civil War America,”
American Quarterly
26 (1974), 477–95. On
embalming,
see Glenna R. Schroeder-Lein,
The Encyclopedia of Civil War Medicine
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2008); Edward C. Johnson et al., “The Origin and History of Embalming,” in
Embalming: History, Theory, and Practice
, ed. Robert G. Mayer (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000); and F. L. Sarmiento, “Ancient and Modern Embalming,”
Beadle’s Monthly: A Magazine of To-Day
3 (January 1867), 408–15. On
the funeral of George Washington,
see Jerry Hawn, “The Funeral of George Washington,”
Mall Times
1 (September 2007), 1; and Gerald E. Kahler, “Washington in Glory, America in Tears: The Nation Mourns the Death of George Washington, 1799–1800” (PhD diss.,
College of William and Mary, 2003). See also Sarah J. Purcell, “All That Remains of Henry Clay,”
Common-Place
12 (April 2012),
common-place.org/vol-12/no-03/purcell
/. On
Lincoln’s funeral in Washington and the funeral train,
see, in addition to sources about the assassination, Martin S. Nowak,
The White House in Mourning: Deaths and Funerals of Presidents in Office
(Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2010); Richard E. Sloan, “Abraham Lincoln’s New York City Funeral,” in
The Lincoln Assassination: Crime and Punishment, Myth and Memory
, ed. Harold Holzer et al. (New York: Fordham University Press, 2010), 55–93; Scott D. Trostel,
The Lincoln Funeral Train: The Final Journey and National Funeral for Abraham Lincoln
(Fletcher, Ohio: Cam-Tech, 2002); Ralph G. Newman,
“In This Sad World of Ours, Sorrow Comes to All”: A Timetable for the Lincoln Funeral Train
(Springfield: State of Illinois, 1965); and Victor Searcher,
The Farewell to Lincoln
(New York: Abingdon, 1965). On
the railroads,
see Richard White,
Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2011); and Douglas J. Puffert, “The Standardization of Track Gauge on North American Railways,”
Journal of Economic History
60 (2000), 933–60.
On
the study of everyday life,
my ideas were deeply influenced by Robin Bernstein and Samuel Zipp’s seminar, “Everyday Life: The Textures and Politics of the Ordinary, Persistent, and Repeated,” Charles Warren Center for Studies in American History, Harvard University, 2012–13. See Paul Steege et al., “The History of Everyday Life: A Second Chapter,”
Journal of Modern History
80 (2008), 358–78; Geoff Eley, “Labor History, Social History, ‘Alltagsgeschichte’: Experience, Culture, and the Politics of the Everyday—A New Direction for German Social History?”
Journal of Modern History
61 (1989), 297–343; and Alf Lüdtke, ed.,
The History of Everyday Life: Reconstructing Historical Experiences and Ways of Life
, trans. William Templer (1989; Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995). More specifically, see Peter John Brownlee et al., eds.,
Home Front: Daily Life in the Civil War North
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013); James Marten, ed.,
Children and Youth during the Civil War Era
(New York: New York University Press, 2012); Anya Jabour,
Topsy-Turvy: How the Civil War Turned the World Upside Down for Southern Children
(Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2010); Alice Fahs,
The Imagined Civil War: Popular Literature of the North and South, 1861–1865
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001); James Marten,
The Children’s Civil War
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998); and J. Matthew Gallman,
The North Fights the Civil War: The Home Front
(Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1994).
On
the history of emotion,
see Susan J. Matt and Peter N. Stearns, eds.,
Doing Emotions History
(Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2014); Nicole Eustace et al., “AHR Conversation: The Historical Study of Emotions,”
American Historical Review
117 (2012), 1487–1531; Ruth Leys, “The Turn to Affect: A Critique,”
Critical Inquiry
37 (2011), 434–72;
William E. Connolly, “The Complexity of Intention,”
Critical Inquiry
37 (2011), 791–98; Ruth Leys, “Affect and Intention: A Reply to William E. Connolly,”
Critical Inquiry
37 (2011), 799–805; Nicole Eustace,
Passion Is the Gale: Emotion, Power, and the Coming of the American Revolution
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008); Martha Tomhave Blauvelt,
The Work of the Heart: Young Women and Emotion, 1780–1830
(Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007); Andrew R. L. Cayton, “
In
sufficient Woe: Sense and Sensibility in Writing Nineteenth-Century History,”
Reviews in American History
31 (2003), 331–41; Barbara H. Rosenwein, “Worrying about Emotions in History,”
American Historical Review
107 (2002), 821–45; William M. Reddy,
The Navigation of Feeling: A Framework for the History of Emotions
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001); Peter N. Stearns and Jan Lewis,
An Emotional History of the United States
(New York: New York University Press, 1998); and Carol Zisowitz Stearns and Peter N. Stearns,
Anger: The Struggle for Emotional Control in America’s History
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986). On
homesickness,
see David Anderson, “Dying of Nostalgia: Homesickness in the Union Army during the Civil War,”
Civil War History
56 (2010), 247–82; Frances Clarke, “So Lonesome I Could Die: Nostalgia and Debates over Emotional Control in the Civil War North,”
Journal of Social History
41 (2007), 253–82; and Susan J. Matt, “You Can’t Go Home Again: Homesickness and Nostalgia in U.S. History,”
Journal of American History
94 (2007), 469–97.