Authors: Martha Hodes
On
Reconstruction,
see especially Eric Foner,
Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
(New York: Harper and Row, 1988); see also the books under “Civil War,” above. And see Douglas R. Egerton,
The Wars of Reconstruction: The Brief, Violent History of America’s Most Progressive Era
(New York: Bloomsbury, 2014); Carole Emberton,
Beyond Redemption: Race, Violence, and the American South after the Civil War
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013); Hugh Davis,
“We Will Be Satisfied with Nothing Less”: The African American Struggle for Equal Rights in the North during Reconstruction
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2011); Hannah Rosen,
Terror in the Heart of Freedom: Citizenship, Sexual Violence, and the Meaning of Race in the Postemancipation South
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009); Charles Lane,
The Day Freedom Died: The Colfax Massacre, the Supreme Court, and the Betrayal of Reconstruction
(New York: Henry Holt, 2008); Michael W. Fitzgerald,
Splendid Failure: Postwar Reconstruction in the American South
(Chicago: Ivan R Dee, 2007); Edward J. Blum,
Reforging the White Republic: Race, Religion, and American Nationalism, 1865–1898
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005); Steven Hahn,
A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003); Heather Cox Richardson,
The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post–Civil War North, 1865–1901
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001); Laura F. Edwards,
Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997); John Hope Franklin,
Reconstruction after the Civil War
, 2nd ed. (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1994); Julie Saville,
The Work of Reconstruction: From Slave to Wage Labor in South Carolina, 1860–1870
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Dan T. Carter,
When the War Was Over: The Failure of Self-Reconstruction in the South, 1865–1867
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985); George C. Rable,
But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984); James M. McPherson,
Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982); Leon F. Litwack,
Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979); Allen W. Trelease,
White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971); and W. E. B. Du Bois,
Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880
(1935; reprint, New York: Free Press, 1998). On
Andrew Johnson,
see Paul H. Bergeron,
Andrew Johnson’s Civil War and Reconstruction
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2011); Annette Gordon-Reed,
Andrew Johnson
(New York: Henry Holt, 2011); Hans L. Trefousse,
Andrew Johnson: A Biography
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1989); Paul C. Brownlow, “The Northern Protestant Pulpit and Andrew Johnson,”
Southern Speech Communication Journal
39 (1974), 248–59; and Eric L. Mc-Kitrick,
Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960). On
the 1876 World’s Fair,
see Bruno Giberti,
Designing the Centennial: A History of the 1876 International Exhibition in Philadelphia
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2002); and Robert W. Rydell,
All the World’s a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876–1916
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984). On
the railroad strike of 1877,
see Michael A. Bellesiles,
1877: America’s Year of Living Violently
(New York: New Press, 2010).
On
the nation after Reconstruction,
see Amy Louise Wood,
Lynching and Spectacle: Witnessing Racial Violence in America, 1890–1940
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011); Crystal N. Feimster,
Southern Horrors: Women and the Politics of Rape and Lynching
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009); Douglas A. Blackmon,
Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II
(New York: Doubleday, 2008); Steven Hahn,
A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003); Heather Cox Richardson,
The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post–Civil War North, 1865–1901
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001); Leon F. Litwack,
Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998); Tera W. Hunter,
To ‘Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women’s Lives and Labors after the Civil War
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997); Alex Lichtenstein,
Twice the Work of Free Labor: The Political Economy of Convict Labor in the New South
(New York: Verso, 1996); Matthew J. Mancini,
One Dies, Get Another: Convict Leasing in the American South, 1866–1928
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996); David M. Oshinsky,
“Worse Than Slavery”: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice
(New York: Free Press, 1996); Edward L. Ayers,
The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); and C. Vann Woodward,
The Strange Career of Jim Crow
(1955; reprint, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). For
counterfactuals,
see James L. Huston, “Reconstruction as It Should Have Been: An Exercise in Counterfactual History,”
Civil War History
51 (2005), 358–63; Roger L. Ransom, “Reconstructing Reconstruction: Options and Limitations to Federal Policies on Land Distribution in 1866–67,”
Civil War History
51 (2005), 364–77; Heather Cox Richardson, “A Marshall Plan for the South?: The Failure of Republican and Democratic Ideology during Reconstruction,”
Civil War History
51 (2005), 378–87; William Blair, “The Use of Military Force to Protect the Gains of Reconstruction,”
Civil War History
51 (2005), 388–402; James L. Huston, “An Alternative to the Tragic Era: Applying the Virtues of Bureaucracy to the Reconstruction Dilemma,”
Civil War History
51 (2005), 403–15; Michael Vorenberg, “Imagining a Different Reconstruction Constitution,”
Civil War History
51 (2005), 416–26; Robert F. Engs, “The Missing Catalyst: In Response to Essays on Reconstructions That Might Have Been,”
Civil War History
51 (2005), 427–31; C. Vann Woodward, “Reconstruction: A Counterfactual Playback,” in Woodward,
The Future of the Past
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 183–200; and LaWanda Cox,
Lincoln and Black Freedom: A Study in Presidential Leadership
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1981).
On
memories of the Civil War,
see especially David W. Blight,
Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001). And see Caroline E. Janney,
Remembering the Civil War: Reunion and the Limits of Reconciliation
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013); Caroline E. Janney,
Burying the Dead but Not the Past: Ladies’ Memorial Associations and the Lost Cause
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008); Mitch Kachun,
Festivals of Freedom: Memory and Meaning in African American Emancipation Celebrations, 1808–1915
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2003); David Goldfield,
Still Fighting the Civil War: The American South and Southern History
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002); and Nina Silber,
The Romance of Reunion: Northerners and the South, 1865–1900
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993). On
the 1930s interviews with former slaves,
see John Barr, “African American Memory and the Great Emancipator,” in
Lincoln’s Enduring Legacy: Perspectives from Great Thinkers, Great Leaders, and the American Experiment
, ed. Robert P. Watson et al. (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Little-field, 2010), 133–64.
On
Henry Ward Beecher
, see Debby Applegate,
The Most Famous Man in America: The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher
(New York: Doubleday, 2006); and William G. McLoughlin,
The Meaning of Henry Ward Beecher: An Essay on the Shifting Values of
Mid-Victorian America, 1840–1870
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970). On
Emilie Davis
, see “Emilie: Memorable Days—The Emilie Davis Diaries,” davisdiaries.villanova.edu; Judith Giesberg, ed.,
Emilie Davis’s Civil War: The Diaries of a Free Black Woman in Philadelphia, 1863–1865
(University Park: Penn State University Press, 2014); and Karsonya Wise Whitehead,
Notes from a Colored Girl: The Civil War Pocket Diaries of Emilie Frances Davis
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2014). On
Jefferson Davis,
see William J. Cooper Jr.,
Jefferson Davis, American
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000); William C. Davis,
Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour
(New York: Harper-Collins, 1991); Mark E. Neely Jr., Harold Holzer, Gabor S. Boritt,
The Confederate Image: Prints of the Lost Cause
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987); Chester D. Bradley, “Was Jefferson Davis Disguised as a Woman When Captured?”
Journal of Mississippi History
36 (1974), 243–68; and David M. Potter, “Jefferson Davis and the Political Factors in Confederate Defeat,” in
Why the North Won the Civil War
, ed. David Herbert Donald (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1960), 91–114. On
Frederick Douglass,
see especially David W. Blight,
Frederick Douglass: A Life
(Simon and Schuster, forthcoming). And see James Oakes,
The Radical and the Republican: Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2007); William S. McFeely,
Frederick Douglass
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1991); and David W. Blight,
Frederick Douglass’ Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989). On
William Benjamin Gould,
see Christopher Hager,
Word by Word: Emancipation and the Act of Writing
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2013); and William Benjamin Gould,
Diary of a Contraband: The Civil War Passage of a Black Sailor
, ed. William B. Gould IV (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2002), and “Diary of a Contraband,” goulddiary.stanford.edu. On
Robert E. Lee,
see Joseph T. Glatthaar, “Robert E. Lee, the Army of Northern Virginia, and Confederate Surrender,” in
How Fighting Ends: A History of Surrender
, ed. Holger Afflerbach and Hew Strachan (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 239–52; Emory M. Thomas,
Robert E. Lee: A Biography
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1995); and Alan T. Nolan,
Lee Considered: General Robert E. Lee and Civil War History
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991). On
Mary Lincoln,
see Catherine Clinton,
Mrs. Lincoln: A Life
(New York: HarperCollins, 2009); Catherine Clinton, “Wife versus Widow: Clashing Perspectives on Mary Lincoln’s Legacy,”
Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association
28 (Winter 2007), 1–19; Jean H. Baker,
Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1987); and Justin G. Turner and Linda Levitt Turner,
Mary Todd Lincoln: Her Life and Letters
(New York: International Publishing, 1987). On
Edmund Ruffin,
see David F. Allmendinger Jr.,
Ruffin: Family and Reform in the Old South
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990). On
Walt Whitman,
see Donald D. Kummings,
A Companion to Walt Whitman
(Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2006); Helen Vendler, “Poetry and the Mediation of Value: Whitman on Lincoln,”
Michigan Quarterly Review
39 (2000), 1–18; Roy Morris Jr.,
The Better Angel: Walt Whitman in the Civil War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); and R. W. French, “When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d,” in
Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia
, ed. J. R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings (New York:
Garland, 1998); both the poem and French’s analysis are available at “The Walt Whitman Archive,” ed. Ed Folsom and Kenneth M. Price,
whitmanarchive.org
.
On
Salem, Massachusetts,
during the Civil War, see D. Hamilton Hurd,
History of Essex County, Massachusetts
, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: J. W. Lewis, 1888), 200–208; and T. J. Hutchinson and Ralph Childs,
Patriots of Salem
(Salem: T. J. Hutchinson, 1877). On
abolitionism in Salem,
see Laura Rundell and Emily A. Murphy, “African American Heritage Sites in Salem: A Guide to Salem’s History” (1998; rev. ed., Salem Maritime National Historical Site, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 2008), nps.gov/sama/history culture/upload/SalemAfAmsitessm.pdf; Julie Roy Jeffrey,
The Great Silent Army of Abolitionism: Ordinary Women in the Antislavery Movement
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998); and Shirley J. Yee,
Black Women Abolitionists: A Study in Activism, 1828–1860
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1992). On
the Brownes’ church,
see
The First Centenary of the North Church and Society, in Salem, Massachusetts
(Salem, Mass.: North Church, 1873). On
Florida and Jacksonville in the Civil War era,
see Larry Eugene Rivers,
Rebels and Runaways: Slave Resistance in Nineteenth-Century Florida
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2012); Daniel L. Schafer,
Thunder on the River: The Civil War in Northeast Florida
(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2010); Calvin L. Robinson,
A Yankee in a Confederate Town: The Journal of Calvin L. Robinson
, ed. Anne Robinson Clancy (Sarasota, Fla.: Pineapple Press, 2002); Lewis N. Wynne and Robert Taylor,
Florida in the Civil War
(Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia, 2002); Larry Eugene Rivers,
Slavery in Florida: Territorial Days to Emancipation
(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000); Daniel L. Schafer, “‘A Class of People Neither Freemen nor Slaves’: From Spanish to American Race Relations in Florida, 1821–1861,”
Journal of Social History
26 (1993), 587–609; Richard A. Martin and Daniel L. Schafer,
Jacksonville’s Ordeal by Fire: A Civil War History
(Jacksonville: Florida Publishing, 1984); Joe M. Richardson, “Florida Black Codes,”
Florida Historical Quarterly
47 (1969), 365–79; Russell Garvin, “The Free Negro in Florida before the Civil War,”
Florida Historical Quarterly
46 (1967), 1–17; and Thelma Bates, “The Legal Status of the Negro in Florida,”
Florida Historical Quarterly
6 (1928), 159–81. On
the March 1863 expedition,
see especially Stephen V. Ash,
Firebrand of Liberty: The Story of Two Black Regiments That Changed the Course of the Civil War
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2008).