Authors: Martha Hodes
38
.
stricken:
Odell Shepard, ed.,
The Journals of Bronson Alcott
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1938), 372 (Apr. 19, 1865, entry);
needed:
John Greenleaf Whittier, “The Question of To-Day,”
Liberator
, May 26, 1865;
drive:
Francis Lieber to Henry W. Halleck, New York, Apr. 15, 1865, box 28, Lieber Papers, HL.
1
.
fight:
“From the Regiments,” letter from Richard H. Black, 3rd U.S.C.T., Fernandina, Fla.,
New York Anglo-African
, May 27, 1865;
looks:
Peter Kitts to “Mrs. Case,” Fort Jefferson, Fla., Apr. 25, 1865, Samuel F. Case Papers, Duke;
renewed:
Robert Harris to George Whipple, near Norfolk, Va., Apr. 29, 1865, #H1-7036, reel 209, AMA;
smoke:
Norman Leslie Snow to “Dear Friend,” Camp near Summit Point, Va., Apr. 18, 1865, Snow Letters, NYSL;
sad, deep:
Rufus Mead Jr. diary, Apr. 17, 19, 1865, Mead Papers, LC;
poor:
John Mowry to Bob Flinigan and Hamilton Mowry, Newburg, Pa., Apr. 25, 1865, Humer Family Correspondence, HL;
talk:
“Rebecca” to Jane Wigglesworth Grew, Boston, May 24, 1865, Grew Correspondence, MHS.
2
.
peace:
Benjamin Moran diary, May 22, 1865, Moran Papers, LC;
might:
Charles Francis Adams to Charles Francis Adams Jr., London, May 19, 1865, Letters Received and
Other Loose Papers, Adams Papers, MHS;
desecrators:
Elizabeth Collier diary, Apr. 25, 1865, ts., SHC;
dream:
Emma F. LeConte diary, Apr. 20, 1865, reel 22, SHC-AWD-South.
3
.
hope:
Abraham Lincoln, “Last Public Address,” Apr. 11, 1865,
CWL
, 8:399.
4
.
fondly, blood, malice, just:
Abraham Lincoln, “Second Inaugural Address,” Mar. 4, 1865,
CWL
, 8:333;
banner:
“Washington Correspondence,”
Christian Recorder
, July 15, 1865. I have found no other interpretation of “malice toward none” and “charity for all” pertaining to African Americans rather than Confederates.
1
. Sarah Browne diary, May 11, 1865 (defiant); Sarah Browne to Albert Browne, Salem, Mass., May 14, 1865, one of two letters of this date (merciful), both BFP.
2
. Albert Browne to Wendell Phillips, Hilton Head Island, S.C., Sept. 17, 1865 (stupor); Albert Browne to Wendell Phillips, Hilton Head Island, S.C., July 16, 1865 (genuine), both #328, Phillips Papers, HLH.
3
. Albert Browne to Wendell Phillips, Savannah River, Ga., Sept. 8, 1865 (rags, mercy, free); Albert Browne to Wendell Phillips, Hilton Head Island, S.C., Sept. 17, 1865 (case, whip), both #328, Phillips Papers, HLH.
4
. Albert Browne to Wendell Phillips, Savannah River, Ga., Sept. 8, 1865 (strong); Albert Browne to Wendell Phillips, Hilton Head Island, S.C., July 16, 1865 (rowdies, martinet, no more, 54th, solution); Albert Browne to Wendell Phillips, Hilton Head Island, S.C., Sept. 17, 1865 (boy), all #328, Phillips Papers, HLH.
Frederick Douglass had earlier noted, “You will need the black man there as a watchman and patrol; and you may need him as a soldier”; see “Emancipation, Racism, and the Work before Us: An Address Delivered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 4 December 1863,”
FDP
, ser. 1, 3:605.
5
. Albert Browne to Wendell Phillips, Hilton Head Island, S.C., Sept. 17, 1865, #328, Phillips Papers, HLH.
6
. Dorman diary, June 6 (trial, monsters, thousand), May 12 (bastard), July 24 (sycophantic, monkey, booby, knave, certainly, heroism), June 18 (martyrs), 1865.
7
. Dorman diary, June 3 (complete), July 9 (thunderbolt), Oct. 7 (leave), Nov. 6 (whites, negroes), 1865.
8
. Dorman diary, Dec. 22, 1865.
desolate:
Otis Keene diary, Jan. 16, 1866, Department of Special Collections and Area Studies, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida, available at
ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00076636/00004/3j
;
demonstration, hearing:
Gerald Schwartz, ed.,
A Woman Doctor’s Civil War: Esther Hill Hawks’ Diary
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1984), 234, 243 (Dec. 25, 1865, Jan. 14, 1866, entries).
9
.
songs:
Irwin Silber, ed.,
Songs of the Civil War
(New York: Bonanza Books, 1960), 131–33;
happy:
Edgar Dinsmore to Carrie Drayton, Saint Andrews Parish, S.C., May 29, 1865, Dinsmore Papers, Duke;
Sundays:
David F. Cushman to Caroline D. Cushman, Martinsburg, Va., Apr. 15, 1865, #250, octavo vol. 1, Civil War Collection, AAS;
next:
John N. Ferguson diary, Apr. 18, 1865, LC;
joy:
Alfred Baker Smith diary, Apr. 29, 1865, NYHS.
10
.
principles:
Frederick Douglass, “What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?: An Address Delivered in Rochester, New York, on 5 July 1852,”
FDP
, ser. 1, 2:367, 371.
11
.
about:
Abraham Lincoln, “Speech in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,” Feb. 22, 1861,
CWL
, 4:240.
12
.
first, banner:
“Washington Correspondence,”
Christian Recorder
, July 15, 1865;
Day:
Celebration by the Colored People’s Educational Monument Association in Memory of Abraham Lincoln, on the Fourth of July, 1865
(Washington, D.C.: McGill and Withernow, 1865), 10, 18, 11, 16.
13
.
glowing:
“The Freedmen’s Celebration,”
Christian Recorder
, July 29, 1865;
glorious:
James H. Payne, “Letter from Wilmington,” Wilmington, N.C., July 4, 1865,
Christian Recorder
, published July 15, 1865;
horrid:
Emma F. LeConte diary, July 5, 1865, reel 22, SHC-AWD-South;
miserable:
Mrs. William Gaston Delony to Maria Osbourne Delony, Athens, Ga., July 4, 1865, J. W. Gunnison Papers, HL;
Yankees:
Samuel Pickens diary, July 4, 1865, in
Voices from Company D: Diaries by the Greensboro Guards, Fifth Alabama Infantry Regiment, Army of Northern Virginia
, ed. G. Ward Hubbs (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2003), 390;
ludicrous:
James K. Newton to sister, ca. July 5, 1865, in
A Wisconsin Boy in Dixie: Civil War Letters of James K. Newton
, ed. Stephen E. Ambrose (1961; reprint, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 164;
shadow:
Anna M. Ferris diary, July 4, 1865, Ferris Family Papers, FHL;
seems:
Alonzo A. Carr to unknown, fragment, after July 4, 1865, Cynthia Anthonsen Foster Papers, SL.
14
.
north:
see, e.g., Anna Cabot Lowell diary, July 4, 1865, MHS;
Davis:
Sophia E. Perry diary, July 4, 1865, CP;
blessed:
Elizabeth Rogers Mason Cabot diary, July 4, 1865, MHS;
Brown, Harper, Phillips:
“Anti-Slavery Celebration at Framingham, July 4th, 1865,”
Liberator
, July 14, 1865.
15
.
great:
James Thomas Ward diary, May 30, 1865, Ward Papers, LC;
evidence:
Marian Hooper to Mary Louisa Shaw, Boston, May 28, 1865, in
The Letters of Mrs. Henry Adams, 1865–1883
, ed. Ward Thoron (Boston: Little, Brown, 1936), 10 (referring to Powell by his alias last name, “Paine”);
if this:
John Glenn diary, July 6, 1865, Glenn Papers, MDHS.
16
.
Surratt:
Annie G. Dudley Davis diary, June 4, 1865, HL (innocent); Benjamin Brown French,
Witness to the Young Republic: A Yankee’s Journal, 1828–1870
, ed. Donald B. Cole and John J. McDonough (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1989), 483 (July 8, 1865, entry) (guilty); Anna Cabot Lowell diary, July 8, 1865, MHS (uncertain);
tragedy:
William Owner diary, July 8, 1865, LC;
not worth:
“K.W.R.” to Andrew Johnson, Cincinnati, July 8, 1865,
PAJ
, 8:375;
sanguinary:
Anna Cabot Lowell diary, July 8, 1865, MHS.
17
.
haste, remember:
Frederick Douglass, “Our Martyred President: An Address Delivered in Rochester, New York, on 15 April 1865,”
FDP
, ser. 1, 4:78, 79;
no longer:
Laura Towne to unknown, Saint Helena Island, S.C., Oct. 15, 1865, in
Letters and Diary of Laura M. Towne: Written from the Sea Islands of South Carolina, 1862–1884
, ed. Rupert Sargent Holland (1912; reprint, New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969), 167;
peace, infamous:
Anna M. Ferris diary, July 14, 1865, Sept. 3, 1866 (second entry of this date), Ferris Family Papers, FHL.
18
.
do not:
C. Vann Woodward, ed.,
Mary Chesnut’s Civil War
(1981; reprint, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 834 (July 26, 1865, entry);
contemplate:
Amanda (Edmonds) Chappelear diary, Sept. 6, 1865, Chappelear Papers, ts., ser. D,
part 3
, reel 8, VHS-SWF;
melancholy:
Sarah Lois Wadley diary, Sept. 26, 1865, Wadley Papers, ser. A,
part 3
, reel 6, SHC-SWF;
citizen:
John Steele Henderson diary, July 23, 1865, ts., Henderson Papers, ser. J, part 13, reel 25, SHC-RSP.
19
.
fighting:
Zillah Brandon diary, July 5, 1865, reel 13, ADAH-AWD-South.
20
.
talking:
William Fitzhugh Carter to Hill Carter, Petersburg, Va., Aug. 12, 1865, Shirley Plantation Collection, ser. K, reel 10, CWF-RSP.
21
.
old father:
“Memphis Riots and Massacres,” 39th Cong., 1st sess., House of Representatives, Report No. 101, July 25, 1866, p. 7.
22
. Sarah Browne diary, Apr. 1 (odious), 7 (Kuklux), 1868, BFP;
pardons:
Andrew Johnson, “Fourth Amnesty Proclamation,” Dec. 25, 1868, in
The Papers of Andrew Johnson
, vol. 15:
September 1868–April 1869
, ed. Paul H. Bergeron (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1998), 332;
Klan:
Testimony Taken by the Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States: Miscellaneous and Florida
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1872);
Dorman
: Dorman diary, vol. 5, [ca. 1866], p. 5 (outrages); vol. 7, [ca. 1875–76], p. 311 (new order); vol. 6, [ca. 1873], p. 4 (go away).
23
. Dorman diary, vol. 7, Sept. 10–21 (Centennial), 28 (what), Oct. 7 (return), 1876.
24
. Dorman diary, vol. 7, Dec. [n.d.], 1877, pp. 435, 451 (lost, imbecility); Sarah Browne diary, Nov. 13 (fear), Dec. 5, 1876 (peace), Feb. 17, 1877 (Hayes), BFP.
25
. Albert Browne to Sarah Browne, New York, Feb. 17 (vilest), 24 (showing), 1877, BFP.
26
.
second:
Cloe (Whittle) Greene diary, Apr. 19, 1865, reel 4, WM-AWD-South;
renew:
Emma F. LeConte diary, “Thursday” [May 18], 1865, reel 22, SHC-AWD-South;
Jacksonville:
Thomas Wentworth Higginson, “Some War Scenes Revisited,”
Atlantic Monthly
42 (July 1878), 1, 3; Brenda Stevenson, ed.,
The Journals of Charlotte Forten Grimké
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 515–37 (November 1885–January 1889 entries).
27
. Dorman diary, vol. 8, May 30, 1883, p. 173 (warfare, worse), and [ca. March 1885], p. 279 (slaves); U.S. federal census, Jacksonville, Duval County, Fla., 1800; Jacksonville City Directories, 1876–77 (p. 76), 1878–79 (p. 99), 1882 (p. 79), 1884 (p. 94), 1886 (p. 108), 1887 (p. 87); 1885 Florida state census.
28
.
stunned, two, time:
Martha E. Foster Crawford diary, Aug. 22, June 17, 1865, ser. H,
part 2
, reel 21, Duke-SWF;
negro, cruel:
Lucy Muse (Walton) Fletcher diary, Apr. 25, 1865, and note at back of diary, Fletcher Papers, Duke;
giving:
Ida B. Wells, “Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases” (1892), in
Southern Horrors and Other Writings: The Anti-Lynching Campaign of Ida B. Wells, 1892–1900
, ed. Jacqueline Jones Royster (Boston: Bedford, 1997), 60;
prayed, sincere:
John Johnston, “Personal Reminiscence of the Civil War, 1861–1865,” diary transcriptions, Apr. 28, 1865, with 1905 annotation, Johnston Papers, SHC.
29
. Sarah Browne diary, Apr. 9, 1866 (God; this was the anniversary of the family’s
departure for the south), June 2, 1869 (agony), June 2, 1870 (closing), June 2, 1881 (agony); Albert Browne to “Dear Ones,” Brooklyn, N.Y., June 2, 1870 (hour). See also Sarah Browne diary, July 9, 1875; July 9, 1876; June 2, July 9, 1877; July 2, July 9, 1878; July 9, 1879; June 2, 1880, all BFP.
30
. Sarah Browne diary, Feb. 12, 1878 (Lincoln), Nov. 3, 1880 (anxieties), July 9 (40th), Sept. 19 (sad), 27 (never), 1881, BFP.
31
. Sarah Browne diary, Nov. 15, 1884, BFP.
32
.
ominous:
Frederick Douglass, “Abraham Lincoln, a Speech,” late December 1865, Douglass Papers, LC, available at hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mfd.22015. Douglass’s wording of Lincoln’s second inaugural is slightly different from that preserved in
CWL
, 8:333.
33
.
lived:
Frederick Douglass, “Abraham Lincoln, a Speech,” late December 1865, Douglass Papers, LC, available at hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mfd.22015. For Douglass’s 1866 meeting with Andrew Johnson, see “The Claims of Our Race: An Interview with President Andrew Johnson in Washington, D.C., on 7 February 1866,”
FDP
, ser. 1, 4:96–106. That month, Douglass said that “had Mr. Lincoln been living to-day, he would have stood with those who stand foremost, and gone with those who go farthest, in the cause of equal and universal suffrage”; see “The Assassination and Its Lessons: An Address Delivered in Washington, D.C., on 13 February 1866,”
FDP
, ser. 1, 4:111.