Ostkrieg (102 page)

77
. Gerlach, “The Wannsee Conference,” 780–81, 790, 793–800; Kershaw,
Fateful Choices
, 465–67, and
Hitler: Nemesis
, 490–94; Browning,
The Origins of the Final Solution
, 408–15.

78
. Gerlach, “The Wannsee Conference,” 780–81, 790, 793–800; Kershaw,
Fateful Choices
, 465–67, and
Hitler: Nemesis
, 490–94; Browning,
The Origins of the Final Solution
, 408–15; Longerich,
Politik der Vernichtung
, 440, 448, 456, 466–82, 514–15; Sandkühler, “Anti-Jewish Policy,” 115, 118–19; Kaienburg, “Jüdische Arbeitslager,” 19–20. Tooze (
The Wages of Destruction
, 476, 751 n. 46) maintains that, at Wannsee, Heydrich clung to the idea of working Jews to death on road construction and not killing them through gassing or shooting. See also Roseman,
The Villa, the Lake, the Meeting
.

The only heated debate at Wannsee concerned the issue of Mischlinge. Heydrich wanted to deport (i.e., exterminate) half Jews but treat quarter Jews as Germans. Jews in mixed marriages would be assessed on a case-by-case basis. Wilhelm Stuckart of the Interior Ministry favored compulsory sterilization of half Jews, while Otto Hofmann of the Race and Resettlement Main Office proposed giving them a choice between sterilization and deportation. These issues were never resolved, although they continued to be debated over the next two years. See Browning,
The Origins of the Final Solution
, 412–13; and Gerlach, “The Wannsee Conference,” 801–3.

79
. Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 494; Gerlach, “The Wannsee Conference,” 806–12; Domarus, ed.,
Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen
, 2:1829. On the German invasion as a program of planned murder, see Müller, “Economic Alliance,” 150–54, 170–87; and Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, and
Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord
.

80
. “Beurteilung der Kampfkraft des Ostheeres,” in Schramm, ed.,
Kriegstagebuch
, 6 November 1941, 1, pt. 2:1074–75; Halder,
War Diary
, 19 November 1941, 558; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 684–89; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 170–90.

81
. Bock,
War Diary
, 11, 20–21 November 1941, 354, 365–66; Halder,
War Diary
, 11 November 1941, 555; Ziemke and Bauer,
Moscow to Stalingrad
, 43.

82
. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 689–90; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 191–94; Ziemke and Bauer,
Moscow to Stalingrad
, 43–46; Megargee,
War of Annihilation
, 109–10.

83
. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 691–92; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 173–83; Ziemke and Bauer,
Moscow to Stalingrad
, 43; Bock,
War Diary
, 18 November 1941, 362; Halder,
War Diary
, 22 November 1941, 561–62.

84
. Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 173–83; Halder,
War Diary
, 18 November 1941; Boberach,
Meldungen aus dem Reich
, 6 November 1941; Steinert,
Hitler's War
, 131–32;
Das Reich
, 8 November 1941.

85
. Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 199–201, 203 n. 19; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 692–93; Bock,
War Diary
, 11, 16–17 November 1941, 355, 359, 361. Halder was informed on 30 November that the Ostheer had a shortage of 340,000 men but that only thirty-three thousand replacements existed in Germany. See Halder,
War Diary
, 30 November 1941, 571–72.

86
. Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,' ” 1130–41; Schüler, “The Eastern Campaign,” 216–19; van Creveld,
Supplying War
, 173; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 199–204; Kershaw,
War without Garlands
, 197–98; Halder,
War Diary
, 11, 30 November 1941, 556, 571–72.

87
. Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 205–8; Hoffmann, “The Conduct of the War through Soviet Eyes,” 894–96; Ziemke and Bauer,
Moscow to Stalingrad
, 47–49; Bock,
War Diary
, 18 November 1941, 362; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 111–17; Glantz,
Barbarossa
, 165–69.

88
. Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 214–16; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 693; Ziemke and Bauer,
Moscow to Stalingrad
, 49–54; Megargee,
War of Annihilation
, 113; Kershaw,
War without Garlands
, 198.

89
. Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 216–17; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 693–96; Guderian,
Panzer Leader
, 251–52; Bock,
War Diary
, 21, 23 November 1941, 365–66, 368.

90
. Kershaw,
War without Garlands
, 198–203.

91
. Fritz,
Frontsoldaten
, 110–16, 120–21; Kershaw,
War without Garlands
, 198–203, 208–10; Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,' ” 1135–38; Schüler, “The Eastern Campaign,” 216–19; Prüller,
Diary of a German Soldier
, 19 December 1941, 129; Henry, letter of 1 December 1941, in Bähr and Bähr, eds.,
Kriegsbriefe
, 86; Deck,
Der Weg der 1000 Toten
, 105; Hansmann,
Vorüber, nicht vorbei
, 15.

92
. Halder,
War Diary
, 19, 24 November 1941, 558, 564; Engel,
Heeresadjutant bei Hitler
, 25 November 1941, 116; Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 438–41; Ueberschär, “Das Scheitern des Unternehmens ‘Barbarossa,' ” 160–61; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 254–55, 262; Rohland,
Bewegte Zeiten
, 77–78; Seidler,
Fritz Todt
, 356–57; Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 507–8;
TBJG
, 30 November 1941.

93
. Halder,
War Diary
, 23 November 1941, 562–64; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 224–26; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 696–99.

94
. Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 220–22; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 700–701; Manteuffel,
Die 7. Panzer-Division
, 225–27, 231–36, 240–41; Bock,
War Diary
, 28 November 1941, 372; Kershaw,
War without Garlands
, 206–7, 210–11.

95
. Ziemke and Bauer,
Moscow to Stalingrad
, 53–54; Kershaw,
War without Garlands
, 207–8, 212; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 220–23; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 700–701; Strauss,
Friedens und Kriegserlebnisse einer Generation
, 99; Bock,
War Diary
, 29 November 1941, 373.

96
. Bock,
War Diary
, 1 December 1941, 375–76; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 221–24, 227–28, 236 n. 95, 240 n. 147, 243; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 700–702.

97
. Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 221–24, 227–28, 236 n. 95, 240 n. 147, 243–45; Ueberschär, “Das Scheitern des Unternehmens ‘Barbarossa,' ” 161; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 700–702; Fritz,
Frontsoldaten
, 191.

98
. Schramm, ed.,
Kriegstagebuch
, 21 December 1940, 1, pt. 2:996 (doc. 45); Hosenfeld,
“Ich versuche jeden zu retten
,” 561;
TBJG
, 8 December 1941; Görlitz, ed.,
Generalfeldmarschall Keitel
, 285; Syring, “Hitlers Kriegserklärung,” 690; Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 442, and
Fateful Choices
, 382–83, 418.

99
. Kershaw,
Fateful Choices
, 386–96; Syring, “Hitlers Kriegserklärung,” 684–85; Gassert,
Amerika im Dritten Reich
, 34–36, 87–103; Below,
Als Hitlers Adjutant
, 200.

100
. Kershaw,
Fateful Choices
, 397–411; Syring, “Hitlers Kriegserklärung,” 686–87; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 257–59.

101
. Kershaw,
Fateful Choices
, 412–16, and
Hitler: Nemesis
, 442–44; Syring, “Hitlers Kriegserklärung,” 688–89.

102
.
TBJG
, 8 December 1941; Haffner,
Von Bismarck zu Hitler
, 293; Waite,
The Psychopathic God
, 409; Junker,
Kampf um die Weltmacht
, 32; Syring, “Hitlers Kriegserklärung,” 683; Kershaw,
Fateful Choices
, 416–23; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 257–59.

103
. Syring, “Hitlers Kriegserklärung,” 691–92; Kershaw,
Fateful Choices
, 423–30.

104
. Kershaw,
Fateful Choices
, 422–23, and
Hitler: Nemesis
, 444–49, 491–92; Domarus, ed.,
Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen
, 2:1794–2111;
TBJG
, 12–14 December 1941; Gerlach, “The Wannsee Conference,” 787; Broszat, “Hitler und die Genesis der ‘Endlösung,' ” 759.

105
. Kershaw,
Fateful Choices
, 423–24, and
Hitler: Nemesis
, 456–57; Jochmann,
Monologe im Führerhauptquartier
, 7 January 1942, 184; Overy,
Why the Allies Won
, 15; Churchill's speech to the Lord Mayor's Luncheon, Mansion House, “The End of the Beginning,” 10 November 1942 (“Now this is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning”), Churchill Center and Museum at the Churchill War Rooms, London,
http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/speeches/quotations
(accessed 6 September 2010); Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 260 n. 16, 375–76. According to Jodl, Hitler was fully aware that, from early 1942 on, victory could no longer be attained and the war was lost. See Schramm, ed.,
Kriegstagebuch
, 15 May 1945, 4, pt. 2:1503; Reinhardt,
Moscow
, 376–77, n. 3.

1
. Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 291; Megargee,
War of Annihilation
, 130; Bock,
War Diary
, 3, 5, 7 December 1941, 378–79, 381, 383–84; Klink, “Military Concept,” 701–2; Glantz,
Barbarossa
, 185–89; Kershaw,
War without Garlands
, 223.

2
. Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 279–83; Hoffmann, “The Conduct of the War through Soviet Eyes,” 896–99; Ziemke and Bauer,
Moscow to Stalingrad
, 59–67; Glantz,
Barbarossa
, 187–88. Discrepancies in the number of forces on each side abound, with figures for Germany around 1.7 million men and for the Soviets about 1.1 million. However, the German figures include all personnel in Army Group Center, which had a very large rear echelon, while those for the Soviets contain only the forces assigned to the counterattack. Nor do the Soviet figures include some 800,000 troops held by the Stavka in reserve, a number likely equal to the actual combat strength of the frontline German divisions. For a discussion of the relative strengths of each, see Ziemke and Bauer,
Moscow to Stalingrad
, 66–67.

3
. Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 118–20; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 280–81; Hoffmann, “The Conduct of the War through Soviet Eyes,” 898–99; Megargee,
War of Annihilation
, 130–31; Ziemke and Bauer,
Moscow to Stalingrad
, 66; Glantz,
Barbarossa
, 185–89.

4
. Ziemke and Bauer,
Moscow to Stalingrad
, 65, 76; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 291–93; Hoffmann, “The Conduct of the War through Soviet Eyes,” 899–900; Glantz,
Barbarossa
, 189–204; Megargee,
War of Annihilation
, 131–32.

5
. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 702–8; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 292–93, 299–302; Ziemke and Bauer,
Moscow to Stalingrad
, 69–76; “Weisung für die Aufgabe des Ostheeres im Winter 1941/42,” in Schramm, ed.,
Kriegstagebuch
, 8 December 1941, 1, pt. 2:1078–79.

6
. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 702–8; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 292–93, 299–302; Ziemke and Bauer,
Moscow to Stalingrad
, 69–76; Bock,
War Diary
, 8, 10 December 1941.

7
. Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 293–94, 301; Schüler, “The Eastern Campaign,” 219–20; Dollinger, ed.,
Kain, wo ist dein Bruder?
111; Buchbender and Sterz, eds.,
Das andere Gesicht des Krieges
, 7 December 1941, 90; Ziemke and Bauer,
Moscow to Stalingrad
, 77; Kershaw,
War without Garlands
, 227–32; Letter of Harald Henry, 21 December 1941, in Bähr and Bähr, eds.,
Kriegsbriefe
, 90.

8
. Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 295–301; Ziemke and Bauer,
Moscow to Stalingrad
, 75–81; Megargee,
War of Annihilation
, 131–32; Bock,
War Diary
, 10–11, 13 December 1941, 387–91; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 708–13.

9
. Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 295–301; Ziemke and Bauer,
Moscow to
Stalingrad
, 75–81; Megargee,
War of Annihilation
, 131–32; Bock,
War Diary
, 10–11, 13 December 1941, 387–91; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 708–13.