Ostkrieg (100 page)

99
. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 593–94; Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,' ” 1124–41; Schüler, “The Eastern Campaign,” 211–13; Leach,
German Strategy against Russia
, 214–15, 218–25, 238–41; Megargee,
War of Annihilation
, 80–81; Kipp, “The Crisis of Successive Operations,” 133–34; Glantz,
Barbarossa
, 83–96; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 71–74.

100
. Halder,
War Diary
, 8 August 1941, 500; Ueberschär, “Das Scheitern des Unternehmens ‘Barbarossa,' ” 154; Megargee,
War of Annihilation
, 81; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 593–94; Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,' ” 1141; Leach,
German Strategy against Russia
, 217, 234–37.

1
.
TBJG
, 30 June 1941, 1, 5, 24, 28 July 1941; Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 422–23; Steinert,
Hitler's War
, 117–32; Aly and Heim,
Architects of Annihilation
, 237.

2
. Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 422–23;
TBJG
, 28 June, 14, 17, 31 July, 13, 16, 19 August 1941; Steinert,
Hitler's War
, 122. For the popular mood in general, see
TBJG
, 9–10, 14–17, 20, 23–24, 28–29, 31 July, 7–8, 10–11, 13–16, 25, 28–29 August 1941; and Aly,
Hitler's Beneficiaries
, 131, 169–71.

3
. Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 424–26, and
Popular Opinion and Political Dissent
, 332–57; Steinert,
Hitler's War
, 122–23.

4
. Steinert,
Hitler's War
, 122–24; Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 426–28.

5
.
TBJG
, 14 August 1941; Browning,
The Origins of the Final Solution
, 184–85. The best book on the rise and impact of eugenics in Germany is Friedlander,
The Origins of Nazi Genocide
, here 15–20. See also Kühl,
The Nazi Connection
, 77–84; Burleigh,
Death and Deliverance;
Burleigh and Wippermann,
The Racial State;
and Mazower,
Dark Continent
, chap. 3.

6
. Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 252–61; Browning,
The Origins of the Final Solution
, 185–89; Burleigh,
Death and Deliverance
, 97, 111–12; Klee,
“Euthanasie” im NS-Staat
, 46–47, 53, 95–98, 112–15, 192–93; Friedlander,
The Origins of Nazi Genocide
, 39, 43, 62–63. On compulsory sterilization, see Bock,
Zwangssterilisation im Nationalsozialismus
. There are numerous local and regional studies of compulsory sterilization by German historians.

7
. Browning,
The Origins of the Final Solution
, 185–93; Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 252, 260–61, 429–30; Burleigh and Wippermann,
The Racial State
, 143–48, 153; Klee,
Dokumente zur “Euthanasie
,” 85, and
“Euthanasie” im NS-Staat
, 345–55; Friedlander,
The Origins of Nazi Genocide
, 40–61, 64–110, 106–7, 111–16, 150–63, 270–83.

8
. Megargee,
War of Annihilation
, 76, 82; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 559–67; Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,' ” 1117–23; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 74–77; Glantz,
Barbarossa
, 117–18.

9
. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 567–68, 594–96; Megargee,
War of Annihilation
, 76–78; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 77–79.

10
. Kershaw,
War without Garlands
, 152; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 594–98; Wilt, “Hitler's Late Summer Pause,” 189.

11
. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 599–600; Schramm, ed.,
Kriegstagebuch
, 25–31 August, 1–6 September 1941, 1, pt. 2:590–617; Wilt, “Hitler's Late Summer Pause,” 189–90; Guderian,
Panzer Leader
, 212; Bock,
War Diary
, 31 August, 2, 4–5 September 1941, 299, 301, 303–5; Kershaw,
War without Garlands
, 155.

12
. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 600–601; Wilt, “Hitler's Late Summer Pause,” 190; Megargee,
War of Annihilation
, 82–83.

13
. Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 79–80; Glantz,
Barbarossa
, 126–28.

14
. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 601–4; Wilt, “Hitler's Late Summer Pause,” 190; Stolfi, “The Greatest Encirclement Battle in History”; Kershaw,
War without Garlands
, 156–57; Megargee,
War of Annihilation
, 82–83; Bock,
War Diary
, 15 September 1941, 313.

15
. Kershaw,
War without Garlands
, 158–63; Letter of Günter von Scheven, 2 September 1941, in Bähr and Bähr, eds.,
Kriegsbriefe
, 112; Letter of 24 September 1941, in Buchbender and Sterz, eds.,
Das andere Gesicht des Krieges
, 82; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 79–80; Glantz,
Barbarossa
, 128–32.

16
. Glantz,
Barbarossa
, 132; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 80–81; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 603–4, 604 n. 252. Soviet records corroborate the magnitude of the calamity. On 1 September, the Southwestern Front centered on Kiev numbered approximately 760,000 men (850,000 counting reserves). In the ensuing encirclement, the Soviets admitted to the loss of some 440,000 troops. Overall, the Southwestern Front suffered over 700,000 casualties, with 616,304 killed, wounded, captured, or missing during the Battle for Kiev.

17
. Wilt, “Hitler's Late Summer Pause,” 190; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 60; Megargee,
War of Annihilation
, 83–84; Bock,
War Diary
, 15–16, 19, 21–22 September 1941, 313, 315–16.

18
. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 631–41; Wilt, “Hitler's Late Summer Pause,” 188; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 83–84; Glantz,
Barbarossa
, 101–6.

19
. Halder,
War Diary
, 5 September 1941, 524; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 631–41, 644–46; Wilt, “Hitler's Late Summer Pause,” 189; Megargee,
War of Annihilation
, 85; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 84–85; Glantz,
Barbarossa
, 107–13; “Directive No. 35,” in ibid., 239–40.

20
. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 643–47; Wilt, “Hitler's Late Summer
Pause,” 189; Megargee,
War of Annihilation
, 85–86; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 84–85; Glantz,
Barbarossa
, 107–14.

21
. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 643–47; Wilt, “Hitler's Late Summer Pause,” 189; Megargee,
War of Annihilation
, 85–86.

22
. Leach,
German Strategy against Russia
, 218–26, 234–41.

23
. Van Creveld,
Supplying War
, 145–53; Müller, “The Failure of Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,' ” 1125–32; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 667–70; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 60–69; Schüler, “The Eastern Campaign,” 212; Kershaw,
War without Garlands
, 164–67.

24
. Van Creveld,
Supplying War
, 153–61; Kershaw,
War without Garlands
, 167; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 146–47.

25
. Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 60–69; Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,' ” 1125–32; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 667–70; Schüler, “The Eastern Campaign,” 213; Megargee,
War of Annihilation
, 88.

26
. Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,' ” 1127–32; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 667–70; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 60–69; Schüler, “The Eastern Campaign,” 214; Wilt, “Hitler's Late Summer Pause,” 189.

27
. Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,' ” 1127–32; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 667–70; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 60–69; Schüler, “The Eastern Campaign,” 213; Halder,
War Diary
, 26, 28–29 August 1941, 517, 519, 521; Schramm, ed.,
Kriegstagebuch
, 5 January 1942, 1, pt. 2:1120–21; Overmans,
Deutsche militärische Verluste
, 277–80; Hammer and Nieden, eds.,
Sehr selten habe ich geweint
, 235–48; Golovchansky, ed.,
“Ich will raus aus diesem Wahnsinn
,” 31–35; Dollinger, ed.,
Kain, wo ist dein Bruder?
107, 110–13; Bähr and Bähr, eds.,
Kriegsbriefe
, 71, 209–11; Buchbender and Sterz, eds.,
Das andere Gesicht des Krieges
, 81; Boberach, ed.,
Meldungen aus dem Reich
, 25 August, 8, 18, 22 September, 23 October 1941; Kershaw,
War without Garlands
, 169–76, 251; Bartov,
The Eastern Front
, 19–20.

28
. Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 57–70; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 664–72.

29
. Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 57–70; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 664–72; Megargee,
War of Annihilation
, 86–89.

30
. Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 71–78; Hoffmann, “The Conduct of the War through Soviet Eyes,” 885–87; Glantz,
Barbarossa
, 141–44.

31
. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 672–73; Glantz,
Barbarossa
, 144–47; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 79; Hoffmann, “The Conduct of the War through Soviet Eyes,” 887–92; Ziemke and Bauer,
Moscow to Stalingrad
, 164.

32
. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 673–74; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 80–87; Glantz,
Barbarossa
, 147–48; Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 80–81; Guderian,
Panzer Leader
, 233, 235.

33
. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 673–74; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 80–87; Halder,
War Diary
, 8 October 1941, 550; Glantz,
Barbarossa
, 149–53.

34
. Megargee,
War of Annihilation
, 100–101; Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 430–33;
TBJG
, 4 October 1941.

35
. Halder,
War Diary
, 4 October 1941, 546; Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 433; Megargee,
War of Annihilation
, 102; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 675–76; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 87–89, 95–96; Bock,
War Diary
, 7 October 1941, 325–26.

36
. Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 99–101; Hoffmann, “The Conduct of the War through Soviet Eyes,” 886–93; Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 82;
Harrison, “ ‘Barbarossa': Die sowjetische Antwort,” 458; Magenheimer,
Hitler's War
, 110–11; Henderson, “ ‘Hitler's Biggest Blunder,' ” 42.

37
. Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 99–101, 121–22 n. 165; Hoffmann, “The Conduct of the War through Soviet Eyes,” 886–93; Kershaw,
War without Garlands
, 194–95; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 95, 105; Glantz,
Barbarossa
, 153.

38
. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 676–77; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 88–89, 92–93; Fritz,
Frontsoldaten
, 105–7; Ziemke and Bauer,
Moscow to Stalingrad
, 40–41; Kershaw,
War without Garlands
, 186–87.

39
. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 677; Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,' ” 1133; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 93–94, 149, 152; Haupt,
Heeresgruppe Mitte
, 91–92; Bock,
War Diary
, 20, 24 October 1941, 337, 340.

40
. Fritz,
Frontsoldaten
, 109–10; Haupt,
Heeresgruppe Mitte
, 91–92; Bock,
War Diary
, 15 October 1941, 333; Haape,
Moscow Tram Stop
, 140–41, 182; Diary entry of Harald Henry, 18 October 1941, in Bähr and Bähr, eds.,
Kriegsbriefe
, 81–82; Kershaw,
War without Garlands
, 188–91.

41
. Diary entry of Harald Henry, 20 October 1941, in Bähr and Bähr, eds.,
Kriegsbriefe
, 83; Letter of 25 October 1941, in Buchbender and Sterz, eds.,
Das andere Gesicht des Krieges
, 85; Kershaw,
War without Garlands
, 188–91; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 120 n. 149; Boberach, ed.,
Meldungen aus dem Reich
, 30 October, 3, 6, 10 November 1941; Bock,
War Diary
, 25 October 1941, 340.

42
. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 678–79; Glantz,
Barbarossa
, 153–55, 157–58; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 91–92, 148–49, 179 n. 29; Paul,
Erfrorener Sieg
, 122; Kershaw,
War without Garlands
, 166–67.

43
. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 678–79, 685; Reinhardt,
Moscow—the Turning Point
, 91–92; Glantz,
Barbarossa
, 153–55, 157–58; Kershaw,
War without Garlands
, 182–85; Bock,
War Diary
, 13 October 1941, 331.