Authors: Odd Westad
22
. Simon Shen,
Redefining Nationalism in Modern China: Sino-American Relations and the Emergence of Chinese Public Opinion in the 21st Century
(Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 63. Shen’s book is an excellent introduction to debates about nationalism in contemporary China.
23
.
When the new US administration:
Ibid., 73.
The Yugoslavs had provided them:
The PLA also learned to scale down its pursuit of US spy planes to avoid confrontation; see
The Guardian
, 30 July 2001.
24
. Press Release of the Chinese UN Mission, 13 September 2001, “Chinese President Jiang Zemin Expressed Condolences by Telegraph over Terrorist Attacks on America and Talked with President Bush on Telephone to Show China’s Position against Terrorism,” at
http://www.china-un.org/eng/chinaandun/securitycouncil/thematicissues/counterterrorism/t26903.htm
.
25
. US Secretary of State Colin Powell, “Remarks at the Elliott School of International Affairs,” September 5, 2003,
http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2003/23836.htm
.
26
. Inter-Agency Group on Economic and Financial Statistics,
Principal Global Indicators
, at
http://www.principalglobalindicators.org/default.aspx
; International Monetary Fund,
Country Information
, at
http://www.imf.org/external/country/index.htm
; US Department of the Treasury,
Major Foreign Holders of Treasury Securities
, at
http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/tic/Documents/mfh.txt
; and European Commission,
Trade: Bilateral Relations
, at
http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/
. See also JC de Swaan, “China Goes to Wall Street: Beijing’s Evolving US Investment Strategy,”
Foreign Affairs
, April 29, 2010.
27
. For useful comparisons, see the website of the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, at
http://armscontrolcenter.org/
. For all countries, I have included that part of payments to veterans that is exclusively used for military veterans’ purposes.
CHAPTER 11: CHINA’S ASIA
1
. Angus Maddison,
The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective
(Paris: OECD, 2001), 216–217.
2
.
Asia Times
, 14 January 2009. When the original agreement was signed in 1999, both sides agreed to give a symbolic one square kilometer of disputed territory more to China than to Vietnam—signaling the images of the traditional relationship (Alexander Vuving, “Grand Strategic Fit and Power Shift: Explaining Turning Points in China-Vietnam Relations,” in
Living with China
, ed. Shiping Tang et al. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 229–245.
3
. “Dong-A Ilbo Opinion Poll on South Korean Attitudes Toward Japan and Other Nations,” 26 April 2005,
http://www.mansfieldfdn.org/polls/2005/poll-05-2.htm
.
4
. See for instance US Assistant Secretary of State Kurt Campbell’s conversation with South Korean experts, 18 February 2010, WikiLeaks, at
http://213.251.145.96/cable/2010/02/10SEOUL248.html
.
5
. “Xiandaihua yu lishi jiaokeshu” [Modernization and History Textbooks],
Bingdian
, 11 January 2006. The journal was closed down for its efforts.
6
. “On Memories of Violence, Part 2: Chinese Textbooks and Questions About the Korean War 60 years Later,” at Jeremiah Jenne’s blog
http://granitestudio.org/2010/06/25/
.
7
. New History Textbook (Chapters 4 & 5), 2005 version. Prepared and translated by Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform from
Atarashii rekishi ky
ō
kasho wo tsukuru kai
(The Japanese Society for Textbook Reform), published by Fusosha, Tokyo, at
http://www.tsukurukai.com/05_rekisi_text/rekishi_English/English.pdf
. Most Japanese textbooks are more critical toward Japan’s wartime guilt.
8
.
The Diaoyu/Senkaku islands:
On the background for the dispute, see Unryu Suganuma, “The Diaoyo/Senkaku Islands: A Hotbed for a Hot War?” in
China and Japan at Odds: Deciphering the Perpetual Conflict
, ed. James Hsiung (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 155–172.
So far the courts:
Ming Wan,
Sino-Japanese Relations: Interaction, Logic, and Transformation
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008), 304–326.
9
.
Singapore’s anti-Communist leader:
Record of conversation, Lee and FRG Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, 11 June 1979, in Ilse Dorothee Pautsch et al.,
Akten zur auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1979: 1. Juli bis 31. Dezember 1979
(Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2010), 173–174.
China’s attempts at:
Nobody has yet written the history of China’s involvement with these insurgencies.
10
.
Now other ASEAN states are:
The reader can find excellent maps at
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/spratly-maps.htm
.
People of Chinese ancestry are still:
“Indonesia: Chinese, Migrants,”
Migration News
, 5, 6 (June 1998),
http://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=1559_0_3_0
.
11
.
One report described:
Contemporary report, quoted in Jemma Purdey,
Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia, 1996–1999
(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2006), 1.
Student
protests in Beijing:
Nationalist sentiment in China migrated to the internet in the 1990s; the first hacking attack by China’s emerging cyber-militia on foreign networks was against Indonesia in 1998, in response to the racist violence there; see Christopher R. Hughes, “Nationalism in Chinese Cyberspace,”
Cambridge Review of International Affairs
13, no. 2 (2000): 195.
12
. Mikhail Gorbachev,
Zhizn i reformy
[Life and Reforms] (Moscow: Novosti, 1995).
13
. “Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation Between the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation,” 24 July 2001,
http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjdt/2649/t15771.htm
.
14
.
SCO’s charter binds:
“Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization,” at the organization’s website
http://www.sectsco.org/EN/show.asp?id=69
.
After a century, Beijing:
A quick visit to the website of STO (
http://www.sectsco.org
) shows its name in Chinese throning over smaller versions in Russian and English (with no Kazakh, Tajik, or Uzbek). In practical terms, the organization’s influence has so far been limited; its only common institution is the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (with the somewhat unfortunate acronym RATS), headquartered in Tashkent.
15
. Memorandum of Conversation, Beijing, 27 November 1974, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XVIII, China, 1973–1976, document 97.
16
. Jonathan Holslag,
China and India: Prospects for Peace
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), 51.
17
. China abstained on condemning Yugoslavia over Kosovo in 1998, on sanctions against Burma and Zimbabwe, on a UN mission to Darfur in 2006, and on a no-fly zone in Libya in 2011.
MODERNITIES
1
. Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, US Department of State, “Background Note: Hong Kong, 15 March 2011,”
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2747.htm
.
2
.
In spite of its government’s:
This was of course once the case with the UK and US, too.
Seen from a Western:
Edward Steinfeld,
Playing Our Game: Why China’s Economic Rise Doesn’t Threaten the West
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).
3
. “Full text of Chinese Premier’s Speech at World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2009,” 29 January 2009,
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-01/29/content_10731877_1.htm
.
4
. “President Jiang Zemin Comments on Falun Gong’s Harms 25 October 1999,”
http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/zt/ppflg/t36565.htm
.
5
. “Dalai Lama ‘Wolf in Monk’s Robes’: Official,”
China Daily
, 7 March 2011. The comments are by Zhang Qingli, the long-suffering Chinese party boss in Tibet, who is a constant voice within the CCP against “splitters and deviationists.”
6
. Jan Vilcek and Bruce N. Cronstein, “A Prize for the Foreign-born,”
The FASEB Journal
20, no. 9 (July 1, 2006): 1281–1283.
7
. Adapted from a chant by Millwall Football Club (though I in no way hold the Bermondsey Lions responsible for Chinese nationalism).
8
. For a good discussion, see Martin Jacques,
When China Rules the World: The Rise of the Middle Kingdom and the End of the Western World
(London: Allen Lane, 2009), 244–252.
9
. Fergus Hanson and Andrew Shearer,
China and the World: Public Opinion and Foreign Policy
(Sydney: The Lowy Institute, 2009).
10
. Wang Jisi, “China’s Search for a Grand Strategy,”
Foreign Affairs
(April 2011).
11
. For an excellent overview, see the Columbia University site
China and Europe 1500–
2000: What Is “Modern”?
http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/chinawh/web/s6/s6_3.html
.
12
. See United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, “World Population to 2030” (UN, 2004); Amartya Sen, “Quality of Life,”
New York Review of Books
(May 12, 2011).
13
. “Pakistan and China: Sweet As Can Be?,”
The Economist
, May 12, 2011.
14
. “General Attitudes Toward China,”
WorldPublicOpinion.org
,
http://www.americansworld.org/digest/regional_issues/china/china1.cfm
.
Accounting practices,
188–189
Afghanistan, China and US troops in,
436–437
Africa, PRC and,
352
Agriculture,
8
,
24
,
113
,
125
,
251
,
269–270
,
327
,
330
,
372
Aguinaldo, Emilio,
219
Albania,
358
Amiot, Jean,
11
Anhui province,
273
Aquino, Benigno, Jr.,
219
Architecture, Chinese modern,
177–178
Artists, foreign influences on,
202–203
The Art of War
(Sun Zi),
6
Arunachal Pradesh,
434
Asaka Yasuhiko,
261
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations),
406
,
409
,
420–422
,
460–461
ASEAN-China Free Trade Area,
421
Ashley, Percy,
137
Asia
Chinese re-engagement with,
405–407
See also
Southeast Asia
;
individual countries
Australia,
229
Bai,
29
Bai Chongxi,
253
Bandung Conference,
320
,
325
,
341
Bang,
215
Banking system,
66–67
,
187–189
,
446
Bank of China,
188
Barton, Sidney,
174
Basel Mission,
70
al-Bashir, Omar,
464
Bauer, Max,
134
Boxer Rebellion and,
127–129
refashioned in Soviet style,
303
urban planning and,
312–315
Ben Bella, Ahmed,
352
bin Laden, Osama,
401
The Book of Rites,
77
The Book of Songs,
77
Borodin, Mikhail,
159
,
161
,
199
,
200
Boxer Protocols,
130
Boxer Rebellion,
123
,
127–130
,
189
Braun, Otto,
199
Brezhnev, Leonid,
350
Bridgeman, Elijah,
70
Britain
Chinese immigrants to,
230
Chinese revolution and,
138–139
envoys sent to China,
37–38
Hong Kong and,
58–60