Rubicon: The Triumph and Tragedy of the Roman Republic (58 page)

Plutarch, a patriotic Greek, demonstrates the fascination that Roman history continued to exert over the Empire’s subject peoples. Increasingly, from the second century
AD
onwards, historians who wrote about the Republic’s collapse tended to do so in Greek. The most significant of these was Appian, a lawyer from Alexandria, who wrote a detailed history of Rome and her empire. For the events from the tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus to 70
BC
, his book,
The Civil Wars
, is our only surviving narrative source. For events from 69
BC
onwards, however, he is supplemented by another historian, Cassius Dio, who wrote at a time when the Roman world, at the beginning of the third century
AD
, was once again tearing itself to pieces. Even as Rome slipped into terminal decline, citizens of the dying Empire continued to look back at a period that was by now becoming very ancient history indeed. Among the last to do so, around
AD
400, was Macrobius, whose
Saturnalia
is full of anecdotes and jokes lovingly culled from the records of the late Republic. A few years later, a friend of Saint Augustine, Orosius, wrote a history of the world that also covered the period, but by then the Empire – and with it the classical tradition itself – had only a few decades left to live. With the fall of Rome, the history of the city passed into myth.

… and Modern

APA
=
The American Philological Association

JRS
=
Journal of Roman Studies

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(1966, Cambridge)

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——: ‘Waiting for Sulla’ (1962,
JRS
52)

——:
Roman Imperialism in the Late Republic
(1967, Oxford)

——:
Lucius Sulla, the Deadly Reformer
(1970, Sydney)

——:
Publicans and Sinners: Private Enterprise in the Service of the Roman Republic
(1972, Oxford)

Balsdon, J. V. P. D.: ‘Sulla Felix’ (1951,
JRS
41)

——:
Julius Caesar: A Political Biography
(1967, New York)

Barton, Carlin A.:
The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster
(1993, Princeton)

——:
Roman Honor: The Fire in the Bones
(2001, Berkeley and Los Angeles)

Beard, Mary and Crawford, Michael:
Rome in the Late Republic: Problems and Interpretations
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Beard, Mary, North, John and Price, Simon:
Religions of Rome, Volume 1: A History
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Bell, Andrew J. E.: ‘Cicero and the Spectacle of Power’ (1997,
JRS
87)

Broughton, T. R. S.:
The Magistrates of the Roman Republic
, 2 vols (1951/2, New York)

Brunt, P. A.: ‘Italian Aims at the Time of the Social War’ (1962,
JRS
52)

——:
Italian Manpower, 225
BC
–
AD
14
(1971, Oxford)

——:
Social Conflicts in the Roman Republic
(1971, London)

——:
The Fall of the Roman Republic, and Related Essays
(1988, Oxford)

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BC
, ed. J. A. Crook, Andrew Lintott and Elizabeth Rawson (1994, Cambridge)

Cambridge Ancient History: The Augustan Empire, 43
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AD
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, ed. Alan K. Bowman, Edward Champlin and Andrew Lintott (1996, Cambridge)

Carney, Thomas F.:
A Biography of C. Marius
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Casson, Lionel:
Travel in the Ancient World
(1994, Baltimore)

Chauveau, Michel:
Egypt in the Age of Cleopatra
, trans. David Lorton (2000, Ithaca)

Claridge, Amanda:
Rome: An Archaeological Guide
(1998, Oxford)

Clarke, M. L.:
The Noblest Roman: Marcus Brutus and His Reputation
(1981, London)

Collins, J. H.: ‘Caesar and the Corruption of Power’ (1955,
Historia
4)

Crawford, M. H.:
The Roman Republic
(1978, Glasgow)

——:
Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic
(1985, London)

Dalby, Andrew:
Empire of Pleasures: Luxury and Indulgence in the Roman World
(2000, London)

D’Arms, John H.:
Romans on the Bay of Naples: A Social and Cultural Study of the Villas and Their Owners from 150
BC
to
AD
400
(1970, Cambridge, Mass.)

——:
Commerce and Social Standing in Ancient Rome
(1981, Cambridge, Mass.)

Dixon, Suzanne:
The Roman Family
(1992, Baltimore)

Dupont, Florence:
Daily Life in Ancient Rome
, trans. Christopher Woodall (1992, Oxford)

Edwards, Catharine:
The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome
(1993, Cambridge)

Earl, D. C.:
The Moral and Political Tradition of Rome
(1967, London)

Epstein, David F.: ‘Cicero’s Testimony at the
Bona Dea
Trial’ (1986,
Classical Philology
81)

Evans, John K.:
War, Women and Children in Ancient Rome
(1991, London)

Evans, Richard J.:
Gaius Marius: A Political Biography
(1994, Pretoria)

Everitt, Anthony:
Cicero: A Turbulent Life
(2001, London)

Fagan, Garrett G.: ‘Sergius Orata: Inventor of the Hypocaust?’ (1996,
Phoenix
50)

Favro, Diane:
The Urban Image of Augustan Rome
(1996, Cambridge)

Frederiksen, Martin:
Campania
(1984, British School at Rome)

Gabba, Emilio:
Republican Rome, the Army and the Allies
, trans. P. J. Cuff (1976, Oxford)

Galinsky, Karl:
Augustan Culture
(1996, Princeton)

Garnsey, Peter, Hopkins, Keith and Whittaker, C. R. (eds):
Trade in the Ancient Economy
(1983, London)

Gelzer, Matthias:
Julius Caesar: Politician and Statesman
, trans. Peter Needham (1968, Cambridge)

——:
The Roman Nobility
, trans. Robin Seager (1975, Oxford)

Goudineau, Christian:
César et la Gaule
(2000, Paris)

Grant, Michael:
Cleopatra
(1972, London)

Green, Peter:
Classical Bearings: Interpreting Ancient History and Culture
(1989, Berkeley and Los Angeles)

——:
Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age
(1990, Berkeley and Los Angeles)

Greenhalgh, Peter:
Pompey: The Roman Alexander
(1980, London)

——:
Pompey: The Republican Prince
(1981, London)

Griffith, R. Drew: ‘The Eyes of Clodia Metelli’ (1996,
Latomus
55)

Gruen, Erich S.:
The Last Generation of the Roman Republic
(1974, Berkeley and Los Angeles)

——:
The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome
(1984, Berkeley and Los Angeles)

——:
Culture and National Identity in Republican Rome
(1992, New York)

Gurval, Robert Alan:
Actium and Augustus: The Politics and Emotions of Civil War
(1998, Ann Arbor)

Hallett, Judith P. and Skinner, Marilyn B. (eds):
Roman Sexualities
(1997, Princeton)

Hanson, J. A.:
Roman Theater-Temples
(1959, Princeton)

Harris, William V.:
War and Imperialism in Republican Rome, 327–70
BC
(1979, Oxford)

Higginbotham, James:
Piscinae: Artificial Fishponds in Roman Italy
(1997, Chapel Hill)

Hoff, Michael C. and Rotroff, Susan I.:
The Romanization of Athens
(1992,
Oxbow Monograph
94)

Hopkins, Keith:
Sociological Studies in Roman History, Volume I: Conquerors and Slaves
(Cambridge, 1978)

——:
Sociological Studies in Roman History, Volume II: Death and Renewal
(Cambridge, 1983)

Horden, Peregrine and Purcell, Nicholas:
The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History
(2000, Oxford)

Horsfall, Nicholas: ‘The Ides of March: Some New Problems’ (1974,
Greece & Rome
, 21)

Hughes, J. Donald:
Pan’s Travail: Environmental Problems of the Ancient Greeks and Romans
(1994, Baltimore)

Hughes-Hallett, Lucy:
Cleopatra: Histories, Dreams and Distortions
(1990, London)

Jashemski, W. F.:
The Origins and History of the Proconsular and Propraetorian Imperium
(1950, Chicago)

Jenkyns, Richard:
Virgil’s Experience: Nature and History, Times, Names and Places
(1998, Oxford)

Kahn, Arthur D.:
The Education of Julius Caesar
(1986, New York)

Keaveney, Arthur:
Sulla: The Last Republican
(1982, London)

——:
Lucullus: A Life
(1992, London)

Keppie, L.:
The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire
(1984, London)

Lacey, W. K.: ‘The Tribunate of Curio’ (1961,
Historia
10)

——:
Cicero and the End of the Roman Republic
(1978, London)

Lintott, Andrew:
Violence in Republican Rome
(1968/99, Oxford)

——: ‘Cicero and Milo’ (1974,
JRS
64)

——:
The Constitution of the Roman Republic
(1999, Oxford)

Lo Cascio, E: ‘State and Coinage in the Late Republic and Early Empire’ (1981,
JRS
71)

Luce, T. J.: ‘Marius and the Mithridatic Command’ (1970,
Historia
19)

Machiavelli, Niccolò:
The Discourses
, ed. Bernard Crick (1970, London)

Marshall, B. A.:
Crassus: A Political Biography
(1976, Amsterdam)

Mattern, Susan:
Rome and the Enemy
(1999, Berkeley and Los Angeles)

McGing, B. C.:
The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus
(1986, Leiden)

Meier, Christian:
Caesar
, trans. David McLintock (1995, London)

Millar, Fergus: ‘The Political Character of the Classical Roman Republic, 200–151
BC
’ (1984,
JRS
74)

——:
The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic
(1998, Ann Arbor)

——:
The Roman Republic in Political Thought
(2002, Hanover)