Rubicon: The Triumph and Tragedy of the Roman Republic (56 page)

26
Ibid.
, 1.47.

27
Ibid.
, 2.4.47.

28
Ibid.
, 2.3.207.

29
Quintus Cicero,
Electioneering Handbook
, 2. The authorship is hotly disputed. Even so, the insights that it provides into electioneering in the late Republic are such that, even if it is a fake, it remains invaluable as a glimpse into the mindset of a new man on the campaign trail.

30
Cicero,
Against Verres
, 2.4.69.

31
Cicero,
On Duties
, 1.109. The description refers to Sulla as well as Crassus.

32
Plutarch,
Crassus
, 7.

33
Seneca,
Letters
, 2.4.

34
Plutarch,
Pompey
, 14.

35
Cicero,
Tusculan Disputations
, 2.41.

36
Sallust,
Histories
, 3, fragment 66 (A).

37
Publilius Syrus, 337.

38
Orosius, 5.24.

39
Sallust,
Histories
, 3, fragment 66 (A).

40
Plutarch,
Crassus
, 12.

6: A Banquet of Carrion

  
1
Plutarch,
Lucullus
, 11.

  
2
Ibid.
, 27.

  
3
Valerius Maximus, 8.14.5.

  
4
Cato the Elder,
On Agriculture
, preface.

  
5
Plutarch,
Tiberius Gracchus
, 8.

  
6
Plutarch,
Lucullus
, 34.

  
7
Ibid.

  
8
Appian,
The Mithraditic War
, 92.

  
9
Cicero,
On Duties
, 3.107.

10
Appian,
The Mithraditic War
, 93.

11
Velleius Paterculus, 2.31.

12
Cassius Dio, 36.24.

13
Ibid.
, 36.34.

14
Strabo, 11.1.6. The line of Homer is from
The Iliad
, 6.208.

15
Pliny the Elder, 7.99.

7: The Debt to Pleasure

  
1
Plutarch,
Lucullus
, 41.

  
2
Livy, 39.6.

  
3
Varro,
On Agriculture
, 3.17.

  
4
Macrobius, 3.15.4.

  
5
Varro,
On Agriculture
, 3.17.

  
6
Plutarch,
Lucullus
, 51.

  
7
Seneca,
Letters
, 95.15.

  
8
This seems the most probable explanation for the contraction of Clodia’s – and Clodius’ – family name. See Tatum,
Patrician Tribune
, pp. 247–8.

  
9
Caelius, speaking in his own defence at his trial in 56
BC
. Quoted by Quintilian,
An Orator’s Education
, 8.6.52. Literally, ‘
coam
’ (coition) in the dining room, and ‘
nolam
’ (unwillingness) in the bedroom.

10
Lucretius, 4.1268.

11
Cicero,
In Defence of Murena
, 13.

12
Cicero,
Laws
, 2.39.

13
Cicero,
In Defence of Gallio
, fragment 1.

14
Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
, 9.

15
Ibid.
, 17.

16
Cicero,
To Atticus
, 2.1.

17
Catullus, 58.

18
In Latin ‘
discinctus’.

19
Plutarch,
Caesar
, 7.

20
Sallust,
The Catilinarian War
, 14.

21
Cicero,
On Duties
, 3.75.

22
Cicero,
In Defence of Murena
, 50.

23
Plutarch,
Cicero
, 14.

24
Valerius Maximus, 5.9.

25
Cicero,
In Defence of Caelius
, 14.

26
Plutarch,
Cicero
, 15.

27
Cicero,
To Atticus
, 1.19.

28
Suetonius,
The Deified Julius
, 52.

29
Plutarch,
Caesar
, 12.

30
Plutarch,
Pompey
, 43.

31
Cicero,
To Atticus
, 1.14.

32
Ibid.

33
Ibid.
, 1.16.

8: Triumvirate

  
1
Valerius Maximus, 2.4.2.

  
2
Plutarch,
Pompey
, 42.

  
3
Cicero,
In Defence of Murena
, 31.

  
4
Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
, 30.

  
5
Cicero,
To Atticus
, 1.18.

  
6
Cassius Dio, 38.3.

  
7
Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
, 22.

  
8
Appian, 2.9.

  
9
Cicero,
To Atticus
, 2.21.

10
Ibid.
, 2.3.

11
Plutarch,
Cicero
, 29.

12
Catullus, 58.

13
Cicero,
To Atticus
, 2.15.

14
Cicero,
On the Answer of the Soothsayers
, 46.

15
Caesar,
Commentaries on the Gallic War
, 2.1.

16
Quoted by Strabo, 17.3.4.

17
Diodorus Siculus, 5.26.

18
Cicero,
The Republic
, 3.16.

19
Caesar,
Commentaries on the Gallic War
, 4.2.

20
Ibid.
, 1.1.

21
Ibid.
, 2.35.

22
Cicero,
On the Consular Provinces
, 33.

23
Plutarch,
Pompey
, 48.

24
Cicero,
On his House
, 75.

25
Cicero,
To Quintus
, 2.3.

26
Ibid.

9: The Wings of Icarus

  
1
Cicero,
In Defence of Caelius
, 49–50.

  
2
Cicero,
To Friends
, 1.7.

  
3
Ibid.
, 1.9.

  
4
Cicero,
To Atticus
, 4.8a.

  
5
Cicero,
On Duties
, 1.26.

  
6
Cicero,
To Atticus
, 4.13.

  
7
Lucretius, 2.538.

  
8
Plutarch,
Crassus
, 17.

  
9
Ibid.
, 23.

10
Caesar,
Commentaries on the Gallic War
, 3.16.

11
Ibid.
, 4.17.

12
Cicero,
To Atticus
, 4.16.

13
Goudineau,
C
é
sar
, p. 335.

14
Caesar,
Commentaries on the Gallic War
, 7.4.

15
Ibid.
, 7.56.

16
Plutarch, to be specific:
Caesar
, 15.

17
See, for instance, Goudineau,
César
, pp. 317–28.

18
Caesar,
Commentaries on the Gallic War
, 8.44.

19
Plutarch,
Pompey
, 12.

20
Petronius, 119.17–18.

21
Cicero,
Against Piso
, 65.

22
Cicero,
To Friends
, 7.1.

23
Pliny the Elder, 36.41. It is possible that the fourteen captive nations were gathered round Pompey’s statue, rather than his theatre. The Latin is ambiguous.

24
Pliny the Elder, 8.21.

25
Cicero,
To Atticus
, 4.17.

26
Asconius, 42C.

27
Plutarch,
Pompey
, 54.

28
Cicero,
In Defence of Milo
, 79.

29
Pliny the Elder, 36.117–18.

30
Cicero,
To Friends
, 8.7.