Strategy (122 page)

24
. Saul Newman,
From Bakunin to Lacan: Anti-authoritarianism and the Dislocation of Power
(Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2001), 37.

25
. Leier,
Bakunin: A Biography
, 194–195.

26
. Ibid., 184, 210, 241–242.

27
. Proudhon's own
War and Peace
is extremely muddled, not least in its apparent glorification of war. A more literary inspiration for Tolstoy was Victor Hugo, whose
Les Misérables
demonstrated a way of writing about historical events.

28
. Leier,
Bakunin: A Biography
, 196.

29
. Carr,
The Romantic Exiles
.

30
. Available at
www.marxists.org/subject/anarchism/nechayev/catechism.htm
.

31
. Cited by Marshall,
Demanding the Impossible
, 346.

32
. Carl Levy, “Errico Malatesta and Charismatic Leadership,” in Jan Willem Stutje, ed.,
Charismatic Leadership and Social Movements
(New York: Berghan Books, 2012), 89–90. Levy suggests that Malatesta's barnstorming around Italy from December 1919 to October 1920 meant that opportunities were missed to organize the workers.

33
. Ibid., 94.

34
. Joseph Conrad,
Under Western Eyes
(London: Everyman's Library, 1991).

35
. Joseph Conrad,
The Secret Agent
(London: Penguin, 2007).

36
. Stanley G. Payne,
The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union and Communism
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004).

37
. Levy, “Errico Malatesta,” 94.

1
. Engels,
Introduction to Karl Marx's
THE CLASS STRUGGLES IN FRANCE
1848
TO
1850, March 6, 1895, available at
http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1895/03/06.htm
.

2
. Engels to Kautsky, April 1, 1895, available at
http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1895/letters/95_04_01.htm
.

3
. Engels, Reply to the Honorable Giovanni Bovio,
Critica Sociale
No. 4, February 16, 1892, available at
http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1892/02/critica-sociale.htm
.

4
. Marx,
Critique of the Gotha Programme
, May 1875, available at
https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/index.htm
. McLellan,
Karl Marx
see Chapter 20, n. 19, 437.

5
. Leszek Kolakowski,
Main Currents of Marxism: The Founders, the Golden Age, the Breakdown
(New York: Norton, 2005), 391.

6
. Stephen Eric Bronner, “Karl Kautsky and the Twilight of Orthodoxy,”
Political Theory
10, no. 4 (November 1982): 580–605.

7
. Elzbieta Ettinger,
Rosa Luxemburg: A Life
(Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1986), xii, 87.

8
. Rosa Luxemburg,
Reform or Revolution
(London: Bookmarks Publications, 1989).

9
. Rosa Luxembourg,
The Mass Strike, the Political Party, and the Trade Unions
, 1906, available at
http://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1906/mass-strike/index.htm
.

10
. Engels, “The Bakuninists at Work: An Account of the Spanish Revolt in the Summer of 1873,” September/October 1873, available at
http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1873/bakunin/index.htm
.

11
. Rosa Luxemburg,
The Mass Strike
.

12
. Leon Trotsky,
My Life: The Rise and Fall of a Dictator
(London: T. Butterworth, 1930).

13
. Karl Kautsky, “The Mass Strike,” 1910, cited in Stephen D'Arcy, “Strategy, Meta-strategy and Anti-capitalist Activism: Rethinking Leninism by Re-reading Lenin,”
Socialist Studies: The Journal of the Society for Socialist Studies
5, no. 2 (2009): 64–89.

14
. Lenin, “The Historical Meaning of the Inner-Party Struggle,” 1910, available at
http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1910/hmipsir/index.htm
.

15
. Vladimir Lenin,
What Is to Be Done?
, 35, available at
http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1901/witbd/index.htm
.

16
. Nadezhda Krupskaya,
Memories of Lenin
(London: Lawrence, 1930), 1: 102–103, citing
One Step Forward, Two Steps Back
.

17
. Beryl Williams,
Lenin
(Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education, 2000), 46.

18
. Hew Strachan,
The First World War, Volume One: To Arms
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 113.

19
. Robert Service,
Comrades: A World History of Communism
(London: Macmillan, 2007), 1427, 1448.

1
. At the same time, Mauss also records Durkheim's concern that his students' interest in Marxism was leading them away from liberalism, his distrust of the “shallow philosophy of the radicals,” and his “reluctance to submit himself to party discipline.” Marcel Mauss's preface to Emile Durkheim,
Socialism
(New York: Collier Books, 1958).

2
. David Beetham, “Mosca, Pareto, and Weber: A Historical Comparison,” in Wolfgang Mommsen and Jurgen Osterhammel, eds.,
Max Weber and His Contemporaries
(London: Allen & Unwin, 1987), 140–141.

3
. See Joachim Radkau,
Max Weber: A Biography
(Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2009).

4
. Max Weber,
The Theory of Social and Economic Organization
, translated by Henderson and Parsons (New York: The Free Press, 1947), 337.

5
. Peter Lassman, “The Rule of Man over Man: Politics, Power and Legitimacy,” in Stephen Turner, ed.,
The Cambridge Companion to Weber
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 84–88.

6
. Sheldon Wolin, “Legitimation, Method, and the Politics of Theory,”
Political Theory
9, no. 3 (August 1981): 405.

7
. Radkau,
Max Weber
, 487.

8
. Ibid., 488.

9
. Nicholas Gane,
Max Weber and Postmodern Theory: Rationalisation versus Re-enchantment
(London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 60.

10
. Max Weber, “Science as a Vocation,” available at
http://mail.www.anthropos-lab.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Weber-Science-as-a-Vocation.pdf
.

11
. Radkau,
Max Weber
, 463.

12
. Wolfgang Mommsen,
Max Weber and German Politics, 1890–1920
, translated by Michael Steinberg (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 310.

13
. Ibid., 296.

14
. Max Weber, “Politics as Vocation,” available at
http://anthropos-lab.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Weber-Politics-as-a-Vocation.pdf
.

15
. Reinhard Bendix and Guenther Roth,
Scholarship and Partisanship: Essays on Max Weber
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971), 28–29.

16
. Isaiah Berlin, “Tolstoy and Enlightenment,” in Harold Bloom, ed.,
Leo Tolstoy
(New York: Chelsea Books, 2003), 30–31.

17
.
Philosophers of Peace and War
, see Chapter 8, n. 6, 129.

18
. Rosamund Bartlett,
Tolstoy: A Russian Life
(London: Profile Books, 2010), 309.

19
. Leo Tolstoy,
The Kingdom of God and Peace Essays
(The World's Classics), 347–348. Cited by Gallie,
Philosophers of Peace
, 122.

20
. The essay appears as the introduction to Lyof N. Tolstoi,
What to Do? Thoughts Evoked by the Census of Moscow
, translated by Isabel F. Hapgood (New York: Thomas Y. Cromwell, 1887).

21
. Ibid., 1.

22
. Ibid., 4–5, 10.

23
. Ibid., 77–78.

24
. Mikhail A. Bakunin,
Bakunin on Anarchy
(New York: Knopf, 1972).

25
. Jane Addams,
Twenty Years at Hull House
(New York: Macmillan, 1910).

26
. Ibid., 56.

27
. Jan C. Behrends, “Visions of Civility: Lev Tolstoy and Jane Addams on the Urban Condition in
Fin de Siècle
Moscow and Chicago,”
European Review of History: Revue Européenne d'Histoire
18, no. 3 (June 2011): 335–357.

28
. Martin,
The Chicago School of Sociology: Institutionalization, Diversity and the Rise of Sociological Research
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 13–14.

29
. Lincoln Steffens,
The Shame of the Cities
(New York: Peter Smith, 1948, first published 1904), 234.

30
. Lawrence A. Schaff,
Max Weber in America
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), 41–43.

31
. Ibid., 45. Schaff suggests that the descriptions of violence may have been overdrawn.

32
. Ibid., 43–44.

33
. James Weber Linn,
Jane Addams: A Biography
(Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000), 196.

34
. Addams,
Twenty Years at Hull House
, 171–172. Her approach is set out in Jane Addams, “A Function of the Social Settlement” in Louis Menand, ed.,
Pragmatism: A Reader
(New York: Vintage Books, 1997), 273–286.

35
. Ibid., 98–99.

36
. Lear was also Tolstoy's favorite Shakespeare play. The king's character at the end of the play was “English literature's nearest equivalent to the holy fool (yurodivy)—that peculiarly Russian form of sainthood to which Tolstoy aspired, and which is not encountered in any other religious culture.” Bartlett,
Tolstoy
, 332.

37
. Jane Addams, “A Modern Lear.” This 1896 speech was not published until 1912. Available at
http://womenshistory.about.com/cs/addamsjane/a/mod_lear_10003b.htm
.

38
. Jean Bethke Elshtain,
Jane Addams and the Dream of American Democracy
(New York: Basic Books, 2002), 202, 218–219.

39
. The quality of the Hull House research has led to suggestions that were it not for the misogynist male sociologists at the University of Chicago, Addams and her colleagues would be properly appreciated as important figures in the history of American sociology. Mary Jo Deegan,
Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School
(New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1988).

40
. Don Martindale, “American Sociology Before World War II,”
Annual Review of Sociology
2 (1976): 121; Anthony J. Cortese, “The Rise, Hegemony, and Decline of the Chicago School of Sociology, 1892–1945,”
The Social Science Journal
, July 1995, 235; Fred H. Matthews,
Quest for an American Sociology: Robert E. Park and the Chicago School
(Montreal: McGill Queens University Press, 1977), 10; Martin Bulmer,
The Chicago School of Sociology
.

41
. Small, cited by Lawrence J. Engel, “Saul D. Alinsky and the Chicago School,”
The Journal of Speculative Philosophy
16, no. 1 (2002): 50–66. In addition to a mass of case studies in its neighborhood, the university had the added advantage of John D. Rockefeller's generous endowment, a free intellectual atmosphere, and a lack of the social elitism and discrimination associated with the Ivy League universities.

42
. Albion Small, “Scholarship and Social Agitation,”
American Journal of Sociology
1 (1895–1896): 581–582, 605.

43
. Robert Westbrook, “The Making of a Democratic Philosopher: The Intellectual Development of John Dewey,” in Molly Cochran, ed.,
The Cambridge Companion to Dewey
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 13–33.

44
. Among the most important titles are
Democracy and Education
(New York: Macmillan, 1916);
Human Nature and Conduct
(New York: Henry Holt, 1922);
Experience and Nature
(New York: Norton, 1929);
The Quest for Certainty
(New York: Minton, 1929);
Logic: The Theory of Inquiry
(New York: Henry Holt, 1938).

45
. Small, “Scholarship and Social Agitation,” 362, 237.

46
. Andrew Feffer,
The Chicago Pragmatists and American Progressivism
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993), 168.

47
. Ibid., 237.

48
. William James, “Pragmatism,” in Louis Menand, ed.,
Pragmatism
, 98.

49
. Louis Menand,
The Metaphysical Club
(London: HarperCollins, 2001), 353–354.

50
. Ibid., 350.

51
. Dewey came “perilously close to reconciling desire with deed.” John Patrick Duggan,
The Promise of Pragmatism: Modernism and the Crisis of Knowledge and Authority
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 48.

52
. Dewey,
Human Nature and Conflict
, 230.

53
. Menand,
The Metaphysical Club
, 374.

54
. Robert K. Merton, “The Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Social Action,”
American Sociological Review
1, no. 6 (December 1936): 894–904.

1
. H. Stuart Hughes,
Consciousness and Society: The Reorientation of European Social Thought
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958).