Read The Bill of the Century: The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act Online
Authors: Clay Risen
72
Findlay,
Church People
, 148.
73
Civil Rights Statement, July 1963. Civil Rights 1963–1964, Everett M. Dirksen Papers, Dirksen Congressional Center.
74
Kane, “Senate Debate,’’ 46.
75
Wall Street Journal
, June 3, 1963, 1;
Today
, June 9, 1963, transcript, box 11, Victor Navasky Papers, John F. Kennedy Library.
76
Baltimore
Sun
, June 1, 1963, 1.
77
Carter,
Politics of Rage
, 110, 112; Bryant,
The Bystander
, 417.
78
Katzenbach,
Some of It
, 110–18.
79
President’s News Conference, May 8, 1963, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=9192, accessed May 9, 2013; Drew, Robert “Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment.” Directed by Charles Drew. Sharon, Conn. Drew Associates, 1963.
80
“Crisis,” ibid.
81
Katzenbach,
Some of It
, 113.
82
Ibid., 114–18.
83
“Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment.”
84
Katzenbach,
Some of It
, 113–15;
Time
, June 21, 1963, 17–18; Thomas,
Robert Kennedy
, 248.
85
Branch,
Parting the Waters
, 822.
86
Burke Marshall interview with Anthony Lewis, June 20, 1964, John F. Kennedy Library.
87
Burke Marshall interview with Anthony Lewis, June 13, 1964, John F. Kennedy Library; Guthman and Shulman,
Robert Kennedy
, 176.
88
Address on Civil Rights, June 11, 1963, http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3375, accessed May 10, 2013.
89
Telegram from Martin Luther King Jr. to John F. Kennedy, June 10, 1963, John F. Kennedy Library, http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/fXbXxZHwaUmJqbxW_5IrQg.aspx, accessed September 25, 2013; Bryant,
The Bystander
, 424.
90
Mann,
Walls of Jericho
, 366; Crespino,
Thurmond’s America
, 138–39.
91
Bryant,
The Bystander
, 425.
92
Bryant,
The Bystander
, 424;
Time
, June 21, 1963, 18.
93
Los Angeles Times
, February 6, 1994, 1;
Boston Globe
, December 23, 1990, 71.
94
Schlesinger,
Robert Kennedy
, 339. Schlesinger added in a footnote: “Alas, he had been taught thus by the Harvard history department.”
Chapter 3: An Idea Becomes a Bill
1
Memorandum from Bobby G. Baker to Senator Mansfield, June 12, 1963, box 9, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
2
“Questions of Tactics,” Theodore Sorensen, June 14, 1963, box 53, series 4, Presidential Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library.
3
Memo by Senator Mansfield on Conference with Senator Dirksen, June 13, 1963, box 53, series 4, Presidential Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library; memo from Mike Mansfield to John F. Kennedy, June 18, 1963, box 30, Theodore Sorensen Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library.
4
Memo from Lee White to John F. Kennedy, June 13, 1963, box 22, Lee White Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library; Meeting of the President with Religious Leaders, June 17, 1963, box 97, series 8, Presidential Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library.
5
Supplemental Message on Civil Rights, June 19, 1963, box 97, series 8, Presidential Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library.
6
James O’Hara interview, Raymond Wolfinger, September 23, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
7
Ibid.
8
Nicholas Katzenbach interview with Anthony Lewis, November 29, 1964, John F. Kennedy Library.
9
Memo from G. Mennen Williams to Theodore Sorensen, June 15, 1963, box 30, Theodore Sorensen Papers, John F. Kennedy Library.
10
Remarks Upon Signing the Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control Act, September 22, 1961, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8347#axzz2g3PKPI9b, accessed September 26, 2013; Thomas,
Robert Kennedy
, 305.
11
Memo from Lawrence J. O’Brien and Theodore C. Sorensen to John F. Kennedy, June 18, 1963, box 53, series 4, Presidential Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library;
Atlanta Daily World
, June 19, 1963, 1.
12
Memo from Chuck Daly to Larry O’Brien, June 14, 1963, box 30, Theodore Sorensen Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library.
13
Katzenbach,
Some of It
, 123.
14
Atlanta Daily World
, June 13, 1963, 8;
Chicago Daily Defender
, June 13, 1963, 6;
Chicago Tribune
, June 13, 1963, S8;
Christian Science Monitor
, June 13, 1963, 1;
Los Angeles Times
, June 13, 1963, 1.
15
New York Times
, June 15, 1963, 1.
16
Ibid.
17
Atlanta Daily World
, June 14, 1963, 1; transcript of telephone call from Thelton Henderson, June 13, 1963, box 31, Burke Marshall Papers, John F. Kennedy Library.
18
Atlanta Daily World
, June 13, 1963, 1;
Chicago Tribune
, June 16, 1963, 1; Bryant,
The Bystander
, 426.
19
Bryant,
The Bystander
, 425–26.
20
Sol Lindenbaum interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 15, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library;
Wall Street Journal
, June 20, 1963, 12.
21
Rauh Jr., ‘‘Role of the Leadership,’’ 53;
New York Times
, June 24, 1963, 20;
Meet the Press
, August 25, 1963, transcript, http://archives.nbclearn.com/portal/site/k-12/flatview?cuecard=4570, accessed May 14, 2013.
22
Crespino,
In Search
, 92;
New York Times
, June 20, 1963, 18;
Washington Post
, June 25, 1963, A1;
New York Times
, June 25, 1963, 1;
Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report
, June 21, 1963, 997.
23
New York Times
, June 20, 1963, 32.
24
Atlanta Daily World
, June 20, 1963, 8.
25
Indianapolis Recorder
, June 20, 1963, 1; Baltimore
Sun
, June 20, 1963, 1.
26
New York Times
, June 20, 1963, 1;
Chicago Tribune
, June 20, 1963, 1.
27
Branch,
Parting the Waters
, 837–38.
28
Ibid., 839.
29
Ibid., 839–40; Schlesinger,
Thousand Days
, 968–71; Schlesinger,
Journals
, 196–98.
30
Joseph Rauh interview with Charles T. Morrissey, December 23, 1965, John F. Kennedy Library;
Los Angeles Times
, June 23, 1963, E1.
31
New York Times
, June 23, 1963, 1.
32
Wilkins and Mathews,
Standing Fast
, 291–92.
33
Whalen and Whalen,
Longest Debate
, 29; Ben Zelenko, interview with author, April 20, 2012;
Washington Post
, June 2, 1972, B15.
34
Zelenko interview.
35
Ibid.
36
www.williammcculloch.org, accessed September 5, 2013.
37
William McCulloch, interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 19, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
38
Cleveland Call and Post
, July 13, 1957, 2D.
39
Whalen and Whalen,
Longest Debate
, 10;
Cleveland Call and Post
, July 13, 1957, 2D.
40
Washington Post
, February 5, 1960, A2.
41
New York Times
, March 16, 1962, 19.
42
William M. McCulloch interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 15, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
43
Miscellaneous Proposals Regarding the Civil Rights of Persons Within the Jurisdiction of the United States, vol. 2 of 3, Subcommittee No. 5 of the Committee on the Judiciary, 907–10.
44
New York Times
, June 27, 1963, 1;
Chicago Tribune
, June 27, 1963, 1; Whalen and Whalen,
Longest Debate
, 3–6.
45
Miscellaneous Proposals, 1378.
46
Miscellaneous Proposals, 1374 and 1376;
New York Times
, June 27, 1963, 1.
47
Miscellaneous Proposals, 1383.
48
Ibid., 1400.
49
Ibid., 1413–15.
50
Ibid.
51
Robert Kimball, interview with the author, September 4, 2013; Nicholas deB. Katzenbach interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 18, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
52
Miscellaneous Proposals, 1422;
New York Times
, June 19, 1963, 1.