Read The Bill of the Century: The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act Online
Authors: Clay Risen
53
Miscellaneous Proposals, 1372–1422.
54
New York Times
, June 27, 1963, 1; Baltimore
Sun
, June 27, 1963, 1;
Los Angeles Times
, June 30, 1963, K4.
55
Memo from Nicholas Katzenbach to Robert Kennedy, June 29, 1963, box 11, General Correspondence, Robert F. Kennedy Papers, John F. Kennedy Library.
56
Whalen and Whalen,
Longest Debate
, 10–12.
57
Leadership Breakfast Statement on Civil Rights, July 9, 1963, box 53, series 4, Presidential Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library.
58
Jones,
March on Washington
, 173.
59
Arnold Aronson interview, August 13, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
60
http://www.civilrights.org/about/video/lccr_history_text.html, accessed September 25, 2013.
61
Aronson interview.
62
Crisis
, June–July 1964, 360.
63
Louis Martin interview with Ronald J. Grele, March 14, 1966, John F. Kennedy Library.
64
Findlay,
Church People
, 20.
65
Findlay,
Church People
, 22; “Will D. Campbell 1952 B.D.,” Yale Divinity School Web site, http://divinity.yale.edu/will-d-campbell-1952-bd, accessed May 18, 2013.
66
Disciples World Magazine
, October 2004, http://www.disciplesworldmagazine.com/node/7143, accessed May 19, 2013.
67
Findlay,
Church People
, 29–30.
68
General Board Discussion of the Report of the President’s Temporary Committee of Six on Race, June 7, 1963, box 48, record group 6, National Council of Churches Archives, Presbyterian Historical Society; Findlay, ibid.
69
Memo from Jon Regier to Robert Spike, July 14, 1963, box 48, record group 6, National Council of Churches Archives, Presbyterian Historical Society.
70
Summary of Meeting at the University Club, New York City, with Representatives of the Justice Department and Religious Organizations, July 9, 1963, box 48, record group 6, National Council of Churches Archives, Presbyterian Historical Society.
71
Memo from Nicholas Katzenbach to Robert Kennedy, June 29, 1963, box 9, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
72
Findlay,
Church People
, 53–54; S.773, S.1210, S.1211, and S.1937, Bills Relating to Equal Employment Opportunity, Subcommittee on Employment and Manpower of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare.
73
Time
, October 31, 1969, 77; Crespino,
In Search
, 93; White,
Making
, 191.
74
“Rough Memo Concerning Preparation for Work of the Committee to Defeat the Civil Rights Act of 1963,” box 17, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
75
John Synon interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 7, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
76
Wall Street Journal
, June 11, 1999, A1; Crespino,
Thurmond’s America
, 170–71; Crespino,
In Search
, 96–99; Hustwit,
James J. Kilpatrick
, 129–30.
77
Whalen and Whalen,
Longest Debate
, 23.
78
Baltimore
Sun
, June 30, 1963, 3.
79
Memo from Robert G. Baker to Senator Mansfield, June 27, 1963, box 10, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
80
Chicago Defender
, June 22, 1963, 1;
Los Angeles Times
, May 19, 1963, M2.
81
Chicago Tribune
, July 3, 1963, 4; Crespino,
Thurmond’s America
, 192.
82
Chicago Tribune
, July 11, 1963, 15.
83
New York Times
, July 16, 1963, 16; Crespino,
Thurmond’s America
, 139; Carter,
Politics of Rage
, 160.
84
Loevy,
To End All Segregation
, 40.
85
Schlesinger,
Robert Kennedy
, 381;
Chicago Tribune
, July 21, 1963, 9; Loevy,
To End All Segregation
, 40.
86
Navasky,
Kennedy Justice
, 227; John Douglas interview with Raymond Wolfinger, April 5, 1963, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
87
Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, 278.
88
Washington Post
, June 25, 1963, A14;
New York Times
, August 21, 1963, 24; memo from Joe Dolan to Robert F. Kennedy, July 17, 1963, box 13, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
89
Washington Post
, June 25, 1963, A14; memo from Joe Dolan to Robert Kennedy, July 17, 1963, box 13, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; Jones,
March on Washington,
181.
90
Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report
, August 30, 1963, 1495; Mudd,
Place to Be
, 116;
Washington Post
, August 29, 1963, A1.
91
Jones,
March on Washington
, 183; Mudd,
Place to Be
, 116–17;
New York Times
, August 29, 1963, 1.
92
Jones,
March on Washington
, 194–200.
93
http://www.archives.gov/press/exhibits/dream-speech.pdf, accessed September 25, 2013.
94
Jones,
March on Washington
, 203.
95
Branch,
Parting the Waters
, 883–86; Jones,
March on Washington
, 203–4; Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, 285.
96
Branch, Jones, and Garrow, ibid.
97
Washington Post
, August 29, 1963, A1; Katzenbach,
Some of It
, 126.
98
Memo No. 5, August 30, 1963, box 37, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Papers, Library of Congress.
99
Report of the Executive Director to the Committee on Religion and Race of the National Council of Churches, July 26, 1963, box 11, record group 6, National Council of Churches Archives, Presbyterian Historical Society; interview with James Hamilton, September 21, 1964, by Raymond Wolfinger, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; memo to file, August 9, 1963, box 367, Walter P. Reuther Papers, Wayne State University Library.
100
“Labor Views on Administration Civil Rights Program,” June 7, 1963, box 9, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
101
Andrew Biemiller interview with Gerald Stern, May 24, 1979, John F. Kennedy Library.
102
Memo from Nicholas Katzenbach to Robert Kennedy, August 19, 1963, box 8, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
103
Memo from William Geoghegan to Nicholas Katzenbach, August 6, 1963, box 10, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library Archives; Schlesinger,
Thousand Days
, 967–68.
104
Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, 279.
105
Miscellaneous Proposals Regarding the Civil Rights of Persons Within the Jurisdiction of the United States, vol. 2 of 4, Subcommittee No. 5 of the Committee on the Judiciary, 2128; Ben Zelenko, interview with the author, April 20, 2013; minutes of the Leadership Conference Meeting, July 31, 1963, box 34, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Papers, Library of Congress.
106
Memo of the White House Meeting, July 29, 1963, box 8, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
107
Loevy,
To End All Segregation
, 57; Memorandum on Civil Rights Bill, August 30, 1963, box 1, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Records, Library of Congress.
108
Minutes, Subcommittee No. 5, Committee on the Judiciary, August 14, 1963, box 402, Records of the U.S. House of Representatives, 88th Congress, Committee on the Judiciary, National Archives.
109
Tape from David Filvaroff to Raymond Wolfinger, n.d., box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
110
George Meader interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 21, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
111
Minutes, Subcommittee No. 5, Committee on the Judiciary, passim, box 402, Records of the U.S. House of Representatives, 88th Congress, Committee on the Judiciary, National Archives.
112
William McCulloch interviews with Raymond Wolfinger, September 15, 19, 23, and 24, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
113
Ibid.
114
Chicago Tribune
, September 5, 1963, 1;
New York Times
, September 10, 1963, 1;
New York Times
, September 11, 1963, 1.
115
Statement by the President on the Sunday Bombing in Birmingham, September 16, 1963, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9410, accessed May 22, 2013.
116
Statement by Roy Wilkins, September 18, 1963, box 119, part IX, NAACP Papers, Library of Congress; memorandum from Robert Spike, September 18, 1963, box 48, record group 6, National Council of Churches Archives, Presbyterian Historical Society; Memo No. 7, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, September 20, 1963, box 37, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Papers, Library of Congress.