Read The Bill of the Century: The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act Online
Authors: Clay Risen
61
Washington Post
, March 27, 1964, A1; March 24, 1964, Stephen Horn periodic log maintained during the discussions concerning the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
62
Los Angeles Times
, March 29, 1964, N4.
63
Congressional Record
, 88th Congress, 2nd Session, 6455.
Chapter 7: The South Takes Its Stand
1
Mudd,
Place to Be
, 141.
2
Small,
To Kill a Messenger
, 257; Mudd,
Place to Be
, 143; Roger Mudd interview with the author, April 22, 2012.
3
Memo from Hubert Humphrey to John Stewart, March 30, 1964, box 15, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
4
Clarence Mitchell interview with Thomas Baker, April 30, 1969, Lyndon B. Johnson Library; Whalen and Whalen,
Longest Debate
, 141.
5
Mudd,
Place to Be
, 144; Caro,
Lyndon Johnson: Passage
, 567;
Los Angeles Times
, March 29, 1964, 1.
6
New York Times
, March 31, 1964, 1.
7
New York Times,
ibid.; Mudd,
Place to Be
, 144.
8
Manger memo, box 22, Burke Marshall Papers, John F. Kennedy Library; Julius Manger Jr. obituary by John Manger, http://www.cowpensvets.org/manger.html, accessed August 25, 2013.
9
Larry O’Brien to Robert Kennedy, August 26, 1963, box 30, Burke Marshall Papers, John F. Kennedy Library; memos from Harold C. Fleming to ad hoc committee members, March 26 and April 7, 1964, box 27, Burke Marshall Papers, John F. Kennedy Library; Report of the Executive Director to the Committee on Race and Reconciliation of the National Council of Churches, July 26, 1963, box 6, RG 11, National Council of Churches Papers, Presbyterian Historical Society.
10
Letter from Luther Holcomb to Hobart Taylor June 9, 1964, box 8, Burke Marshall Papers, John F. Kennedy Library.
11
Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Memo Number 32, April 6, 1964, box 2, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, Library of Congress; notes from May 11, 1964, by Raymond Wolfinger, box 23, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
12
Memo from Violet Gunther to all participants in the LCCR, March 13, 1964, box 119, part IX, NAACP Papers, Library of Congress.
13
Washington Post
, April 1, 1964, A2;
Atlanta Daily World
, October 27, 1963, 13;
Chicago Daily Defender
, May 28, 1964, 5.
14
Caro,
Lyndon Johnson: Passage
, 565.
15
Kotz,
Judgment Days
, 132; Findlay,
Church People
, 132; Mann,
Walls of Jericho
, 413.
16
Dan O’Brien interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 21, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; letter from Ernest Reuter, February 28, 1964, box 232, part IX, NAACP Papers, Library of Congress.
17
Mudd,
Place to Be
, 144;
New York Times
, April 1, 1964, 1.
18
Frank Valeo to Mike Mansfield, April 9, 1964, box 99, series 22, Mike Mansfield Papers, University of Montana Library.
19
New York Times
, April 4, 1964; Bipartisan Civil Rights Newsletter, April 3, 1964, box 32, series 18, Mike Mansfield Papers, University of Montana Library.
20
Whalen and Whalen,
Longest Debate
, 157–58; Thurber,
Politics of Equality
, 136; Statement by Senator Mansfield, April 7, box 28, series 22, Mike Mansfield Papers, University of Montana Library; notes by Raymond Wolfinger, April 9, 1964, box 23, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
21
April 7, 1969, Stephen Horn periodic log maintained during the discussions concerning the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
22
Carter,
Politics of Rage
, 208.
23
Ibid., 211;
National Review
, April 16, 1964, 348.
24
Time
, April 17, 1964, 42.
25
Hulsey,
Everett Dirksen
, 34; Whalen and Whalen,
Longest Debate
, 152 and 154.
26
Katzenbach,
Some of It
, 129.
27
Dichter, Cathcart, and Lindemann,
Employment Discrimination Law
, 10; Dirksen press conference, February 20, 1964, Civil Rights 1963–1964 file, Everett M. Dirksen Papers, Dirksen Congressional Center.
28
Reporter
, January 27, 1964, 26–29; Clyde Flynn interview with Raymond Wolfinger, November 16, 1966, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
29
Hulsey,
Everett Dirksen
, 188.
30
The Civil Rights Bill: Some Observations by Senator Everett McKinley Dirksen, March 26, 1964, Civil Rights 1963–1964, Everett M. Dirksen Papers, Dirksen Congressional Center.
31
Notes by Raymond Wolfinger, April 9, 1964, box 23, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
32
Chicago Tribune
, April 7, 1964, 2.
33
Los Angeles Times
, April 10, 1964, 3.
34
Horn log, Thursday, 10:30
a.m.
, April 9.
35
Congressional Record
, 88th Congress, 2nd Session, 1964, 110, pt. 6:7375–80.
36
Los Angeles Times
, April 14, 1964, 2.
37
Loevy,
To End All Segregation
, 194; Finch,
Legacies
, 78.
38
Senate Letter No. 5, April 10, 1964, box 231, part IX, NAACP Papers, Library of Congress.
39
Horn log, April 13.
40
Ibid., April 16.
41
Loevy,
Civil Rights Act
, 232.
42
Los Angeles Times
, April 11, 1964, A2; Horn log, April 16;
Washington Post
, April 11, 1964, A2.
43
Horn log, April 13.
44
Los Angeles Times
, April 12, 1964, 1.
45
Presidential Recordings: Lyndon B. Johnson: Toward the Great Society, February 1, 1964–May 31, 1964
, 2007a, phone call with Robert Byrd, April 10, 1964, 956–61.
46
Horn log, March 9; memo from Harry Kingman to Chancellor Dean E. McHenry, University of California, Santa Cruz, April 13, 1964, box 2, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Records, Library of Congress.
47
New Yorker
, May 13, 1964, 33–34.
48
The
San Francisco Sunday Chronicle
, February 5, 1961, page 6; Letter to Chancellor Dean E. McHenry from Harry and Ruth Kingman, April 13, 1964, box 2, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, the Library of Congress.
49
New York Times
, April 16, 1964, 1.
50
Purnell,
Fighting Jim Crow
, 355.
51
For history on the World’s Fair, see http://www.nywf64.com/index.html, accessed June 29, 2013.
52
Purnell,
Fighting Jim Crow
, 362–63.
53
White,
Making
, 196; Purnell,
Fighting Jim Crow
, 370;
Chicago Defender
, April 22, 1964, 1;
New York Times
, April 16, 1964, 1.
54
Joint statement by Senators Humphrey and Kuchel, April 15, 1964, box 463, Thomas Kuchel Papers, University of California Library.
55
White,
Making
, 198.
56
New York Times
, April 23, 1964, 1; President’s News Conference, April 23, 1964, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=26182#axzz2gQlWDCI7, accessed on October 1, 2013.
57
Washington Post
, April 21, 1964, A1.
58
For the extended initial debate over the Talmadge amendment, see
Congressional Record
, April 21, 1964, 8613–66.
59
Ibid.
60
Whalen and Whalen,
Longest Debate
, 167–68; Horn log, April 22; thoughts on the Civil Rights Bill dictated Wednesday, April 21, 1964, by Raymond Wolfinger, box 23, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
61
Ibid.;
Presidential Recordings: Lyndon B. Johnson: Toward the Great Society, February 1, 1964–May 31, 1964
, 2007b, 174–75.
62
Baltimore
Sun
, April 25, 1964, 1; chronology, box 23, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.
63
Stewart, “Strategy,” 109.
64
Program, National Interreligious Convocation on Civil Rights, April 28, 1964, box 48, record group 6, National Council of Churches Papers, Presbyterian Historical Society; Julian Smith, “The Challenge to Religion,” box 48, record group 6, National Council of Churches Papers, Presbyterian Historical Society.
65
Eugene Carson Blake, “Human Dignity—Have We Not All One Father?” box 48, record group 6, National Council of Churches Papers, Presbyterian Historical Society.
66
Civil Rights Timeline, http://www.congresslink.org/civilrights/1964.htm, Dirksen Congressional Center, accessed October 1, 2013; Whalen and Whalen,
Longest Debate
, 171.
67
Chicago Tribune
, April 29, 1964, B8;
Presidential Recordings: Lyndon B. Johnson: Toward the Great Society, February 1, 1964–May 31, 1964
, 2007b, 325–26.