The Encyclopedia of Essential Oils (38 page)

The following list is based on the work of Arthur O. Tucker and Brian M. Lawrence published in
Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants Vol II
, Oryx Press, 1987, as the ‘Botanical Nomenclature of Commercial Sources of Essential Oils, Concretes and Absolutes’. It represents an up-to-date survey of aromatic materials currently produced commercially, in which the botanical names are in accordance with the recent guidelines set out by the International Organization for Standardization.

Parmeliaceae

Parmelia cirrhata (P. nepalensis):
Indian moss.

Usneaceae

Evernia furfuraceae:
Tree moss.

Evernia prunastri:
Oakmoss.

Ramalina fastigiata:
Chinese moss.

Ramalina subcomplanata:
Indian moss.

Usnea barbata
is harvested with
Evernia furfurcea
as Tree moss.

Usnea lucea
is harvested with
Ramalina subcomplanata
as Haraphool.

Pinaceae

Abies alba (A. pectinata):
Silver fir, white fir, silver spruce, European silver fir, white spruce.

Abies balsamea (A. balsamifera, Pinus balsamea)
: Balsam fir, Canadian balsam, balsam tree, American silver fir, balm of gilead fir, Canada turpentine (oil)

Abies sachalinensis:
Sachalin fir, Japanese fir needle (oil).

Abies mayriana:
Mayr Sakhalin fir, Japanese fir needle (oil).

Abies sibirica:
Siberian fir, Siberian ‘pine’ (oil).

Cedrus atlantica:
Atlantic cedar, Atlas cedar, African cedar, Moroccan cedarwood (oil), libanol (oil).

Cedrus deodara (C. deodorata):
Deodar cedar, Himalayan cedar.

Cedrus libani:
Cedar of Lebanon.

Picea abies (P. excelsa):
Norway spruce, common spruce, burgundy pitch (oil), Jura turpentine (oil).

Picea glauca (P. alba, P. canadensis):
White spruce, Canadian spruce.

Picea jezoensis:
Yeddo spruce, Yezo spruce.

Picea mariana (P. nigra):
Black spruce, Canadian black ‘pine’.

Pinus ayacabuite:
Mexican white pine, turpentine (oil).

Pinus contorta var. latifolia:
Lodgepole pine, turpentine (oil); other subspecies exist.

Pinus elliottii (P. caribaea)
: Slash pine, turpentine (oil); other subspecies exist.

Pinus halepensis:
Aleppo pine, Jerusalem pine.

Pinus insularis (P. khasya, P. kesiya, P. khasyana, P. langbianensis):
Khasi pine, Benguet pine, Indian turpentine (oil).

Pinus koraiensis:
Korean pine.

Pinus massoniana:
Masson pine, southern red pine, turpentine (oil).

Pinus merkusii (P. latteri):
Merkus pine.

Pinus mugo (P. montana):
Mountain pine, Swiss mountain pine; other subspecies exist includin
var. mughus (P. mughus):
Mugho pine
var. pumilio (P. pumilio):
Dwarf pine, pine needle (oil)

Pinus nigra:
Austrian pine, black pine; other subspecies exist.

Pinus palustris:
Longleaf pine, longleaf yellow pine, southern yellow pine, pitch pine, gum turpentine (oil).

Pinus pinaster:
Sea pine, turpentine (oil).

Pinus ponderosa:
Ponderosa pine, western yellow pine; other subspecies exist.

Pinus radiata:
Monterey pine, New Zealand turpentine (oil).

Pinus roxburghii:
Chir pine, Indian turpentine (oil).

Pinus strobus:
White pine, Canadian white pine; many subspecies exist.

Pinus sylvestris:
Scotch pine, turpentine (oil); many subspecies and cultivars exist.

Pinus tabulaeformis:
Chinese pine.

Pinus yunnanensis:
Yunnan pine, Chinese pine.

Pseudotsuga menziesii (P. taxifolia):
Douglas fir, Oregon balsam (oil); two main subspecies exist
var. menziesii:
Coast Douglas fir.

var. glauca:
Rocky Mountain Douglas fir.

Tsuga canadensis (Pinus canadensis, Abies canadensis):
Hemlock, eastern hemlock, common hemlock, spruce (oil); many cultivars exist.

Taxodiaceae

Cryptomeria japonica:
Cryptomeria, Japanese cedar, sugi; many cultivars exist.

Cupressaceae

Chamaecyparis funebris (Cupressus funebris):
Mourning cypress, Chinese weeping cypress, Chinese cedarwood (oil).

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana:
Port Orford cedar, Oregon cedar, Lawson false cypress; numerous cultivars exist.

Chamaecyparis nootkatensis:
Alaska cedar, Alaska yellow cedar, yellow cedar.

Chamaecyparis obtusa
exists in two varieties:
var. obtusa:
Hinoki false cypress
var. formosana (C. taiwanensis):
Formosan hinoki.

Cupressus lusitanica:
Kenya cypress

Cupressus sempervirens:
Mediterranean cypress; many cultivars exist, the most common being ‘Stricta’, the Italian cypress.

Cupressus torulosa:
Himalayan cypress.

Juniperus ashei (J. mexicana):
Mountain cedar, rock cedar, Mexican cedar, Mexican juniper.

Juniperus communis
: Juniper, common juniper; many cultivars exist such as

var. depressa:
Canadian juniper

var. communis (var. erecta)
.

Juniperus oxycedrus:
Prickly juniper, cade juniper, juniper tar, cade (oil), prickly cedar, medlar tree.

Juniperus phoenicea:
Phoenician juniper, Phoenician savin (oil).

Juniperus sabina (Sabina cacumina):
Savin juniper, savin (oil); many cultivars exist.

Juniperus smerka:
Yugoslavian juniper.

Juniperus squamata (J. recurva var. squamata):
Single-seed juniper, scaly-leaved Nepal juniper; several cultivars exist.

Juniperus virginiana:
Eastern red cedar, red cedar, southern red cedar, Bedford cedarwood (oil), Virginian cedarwood (oil); many cultivars exist.

Neocallitropsis pancheri (N. araucarioides, Callitropsis araucarioides):
Pancher neocallitropsis, araucaria (oil).

Thuja occidentalis:
Northern white cedar, white cedar, eastern white cedar, American arborvitae, thuja, swamp cedar, cedarleaf (oil); many cultivars exist.

Thuja orientalis (Biota orientalis):
Chinese or Japanese cedar

Thuja plicata:
Western red cedar, western arborvitae, Washington cedar.

Thujopsis dolobrata:
Hiba; two varieties exist:
var. dolobrata:
Azunaro
var. hondae:
Hinoki-asunaro.

Widdringtonia cupressoides (W. dracomontana, W. whytei):
Mountain widdringtonia, melange cedar.

Podocarpaceae

Dacrydium franklinii:
Huon pine, huon dacrydium.

Araucariaceae

Agathis australis:
Kauri, kauri pine, New Zealand kauri.

Pandanaceae

Pandanus fascicularis (P. odoratissimus):
Padang, attar of kewda (oil), attar of keora (oil).

Poaceae (Gramineae)

Anthoxanthum odoratum:
Sweet vernalgrass, flouve (oil).

Cymbopogon citratus (Andropogon citratus, A. schoenathus):
West Indian lemongrass, Madagascar lemongrass, Guatemala lemongrass.

Cymbopogon flexuosus (Andropogon flexuosus):
East Indian lemongrass.

Cymbopogon martinii (Andropogon martinii):
Rosha; this species occurs in two eco-chemotypes:

var. martinii (var. motia):
Palmarosa, motia, East Indian geranium, Turkish geranium, Indian rosha

var. sofia:
Gingergrass, sofia.

Cymbopogon nardus (Andropogon nardus):
Citronella; this exists in two varieties:

var. nardus:
Ceylon citronella, Lenabatu citronella.

var. confertiflorus
.

Cymbopogon pendulus (Andropogon pendulus):
Jammu lemongrass.

Cymbopogon winterianus:
Java citronella.

Vetiveria zizanoides (Andropogon muricatus):
Vetiver, khus khus, vetivert (oil).

Cyperaceae

Cyperus mitis (C. scariosus sensu):
Nagar motha.

Cyperus rotundus:
Nut-grass, coco-grass.

Araceae

Acorus calamus var. angustatus (Calamus aromaticus):
Sweet flag, calamus, sweet sedge, sweet root, sweet rush, sweet cane, sweet myrtle, myrtle grass, myrtle sedge, cinnamon sedge; several varieties exist.

Liliaceae

Allium cepa:
Onion; numerous cultivars exist.

Allium fistulosum:
Welsh onion, cibol, stone leek.

Allium kurrat (A. porrum var. aegyptiacum):
kurrat.

Allium sativum:
Garlic, allium, poor man’s treacle; three varieties exist:
var. sativum:
Cultivated garlic
var. ophioscorodon:
Serpent garlic, giant garlic, rocambole
var. pekinense:
Peking garlic.

Allium schoenoprasum:
Chives, cive; two varieties exist:
var. schoenoprasum:
Cultivated chives
var. alpinum (A. sibiricum):
Large chives.

Allium scorodoprasum:
Sand leek; several subspecies exist.

Allium tricoccum:
Ramps, wild leek.

Allium tuberosum (A. odorum):
Chinese chives, garlic chives, oriental garlic.

Hyacinthus orientalis (Scilla nutans):
Hyacinth, bluebell.

Smilaceae

Smilax medica (S. aristolochiaefolia):
Mexican sarsaparilla; several subspecies exist.

Amaryllidaceae

Narcissus jonquilla:
Jonquil.

Narcissus poeticus:
Poet’s narcissus, pheasant’s eye; two subspecies exist:

var. poeticus

var. radiiflorus
.

Agavaceae

Polianthes tuberosa (Polyanthes tuberosa):
Tuberose.

Iridaceae

Iris florentina:
Florentine orris, orris root.

Iris germanica:
German iris, flag iris, orris root.

Iris pallida:
Pale iris, orris root.

Zingiberaceae

Alpinia officinarum (Languas officinarum, Radix galanga minoris):
Galanga, lesser galangal, Chinese ginger, small ginger, East Indian ginger, colic root, ginger root.

Curcuma longa (C. domestica, Amomoum curcuma):
Turmeric, curcuma, Indian saffron, Indian yellow root.

Elettaria cardamomum:
Cardomom, cardomum, cardomon; there are two main varieties:

var. cardamomum (var. minus, var. minuscula):

Mysore cardamom

var. major:
Wild cardamom.

Hedychium flavescens (H. flavum):
Longoze.

Hedychium spicatum:
Sanna, ekangi.