The Encyclopedia of Essential Oils (41 page)

Lavandula x intermedia (L. hybrida, L. hortensis):
Lavandin; several cultivars exist.

Lavandula latifolia (L. spica):
Spike lavender, spike, aspic, broad-leaved lavender, lesser lavender.

Lavandula stoechas:
French lavender, stoechas lavender; six subspecies exist.

Melissa officinalis:
Lemon balm, balm, melissa, common balm, bee balm, sweet balm, heart’s delight, honeyplant; two subspecies exist.

Mentha aquatica:
Water mint, bergamot mint.

Mentha canadensis (M. arvensis var. villosa, M. arvensis var. glabrata, M. arvensis var. piperascens):
Corn mint, Japanese peppermint, North American field mint.

Mentha x gracilis (M. gentilis):
Scotch spearmint, red mint.

Mentha x piperita:
Peppermint.

Mentha pulegium
: pennyroyal, European pennyroyal, Pudding plant, pulegium.

Mentha spicata (M. viridis, M. longifolia):
Spearmint.

Mentha suaveolens (M. rotundifolia):
Pineapple mint.

Mentha x villosa var. alopecuroides:
Woolly mint, apple mint, Bowles’ mint, Egyptian mint.

Monarda citriodora
: Lemon bee balm, lemon bergamot; two varieties exist.

Monarda clinopodia:
Bee balm, wild bergamot.

Monarda didyma:
Oswego tea, oswego bee balm, bergamot.

Monarda fistulosa:
Wild bergamot, horsemint, bee balm; four varieties exist including
var. menthifolia
.

Monarda x media:
several cultivars exist.

Monarda pectinata:
Pony bee balm.

Nepeta cataria:
Catnip, catmint.

Ocimum basilicum:
Basil, sweet basil; numerous cultivars and chemotypes exist, including ‘Comoran’ basil (exotic or Reunion Basil) and the ‘true’ sweet basil (French, European or common Basil).

Ocimum canum (O. americanum):
Hoary basil, hairy basil.

Ocimum gratissimum (O. viride):
East Indian basil, tree basil, shrubby basil.

Ocimum kilimanjaricum:
Camphor basil.

Ocimum sanctum:
Holy basil, sacred basil.

Origanum x applii:
Oregano.

Origanum marjorana (Marjorana hortensis):
Sweet
marjoram, knotted marjoram.

Origanum x marjorana:
Oregano, marjoram.

Origanum onites:
Pot marjoram, French marjoram.

Origanum syriacum (O. maru):
Syrian oregano.

Origanum vulgare:
Common oregano; this is divided into six subspecies:

subsp.vulgare:
Wild marjoram, oreganum (oil); several cultivars exist.

subsp.glandulosum:
Oregano.

subsp.gracile (O. tytthanthum, O. kopetdaghense):
Russian oregano.

subsp.hirtum (O. hirtum, O. heracleoticum):
Winter, Greek or Italian oregano.

subsp.virens (O. virens):
Wild marjoram.

subsp.viride (O. heracleoticum):
Wild marjoram.

Perilla frutescens (P. ocymoides):
Perilla, beefsteak plant; numerous varieties exist.

Pogostemon cablin (P. patchouly):
Patchouli, patchouly, puchaput.

Pogostemon heyneanus (P. patchouli):
False patchouly.

Rosmarinus officinalis:
Rosemary; other varieties exist including:

var. officinalis:
Common rosemary; numerous cultivars and forms exist.

var. angustifolia (R. tenuifolius):
Pine-scented rosemary, pine-needled rosemary.

var. lavendulaceus (R. officinalis f. humulis, f. procumbens):
Prostrate rosemary; numerous cultivars exist.

Salvia clevelandii:
Blue sage.

Salvia dorisiana:
Peach-scented sage, British Honduran sage.

Salvia elegans (S. rutilans):
Pineapple-scented sage.

Salvia fruticosa (S. triloba):
Greek sage.

Salvia lavendulidefolia:
Spanish sage, lavender-leaved sage.

Salvia leucophylla:
Grey sage, purple sage.

Salvia officinalis:
Common sage, dalmatian sage, garden sage; many cultivars exist.

Salvia pomifera (S. calycina):
Apple sage.

Salvia sclarea:
Clary, clary sage, muscatel sage, clary wort, clear eye, see bright, common clary, clarry, eye bright.

Salvia verbenacea (S. clandestina, S. horminoides):
Vervain sage, wild clary.

Salvia viridis (S. horminum):
Bluebeard sage, Joseph sage, red-topped sage.

Satureja douglasii (Micromeria chamissonis, M. douglasii):
Yerba buena (Spanish).

Satureja hortensis (Satureia hortensis, Calamintha hortensis):
Summer savory, garden savory.

Satureja montana (S. obovata, Calamintha montana):
Winter savory; at least five subspecies exist.

Satureja thymbra:
Za’atar rumi (Arabic).

Thymus caespititius (T. micans, T. serpyllum):
Tiny thyme, tufted thyme.

Thymus capitatus (Satureja capitata, Thymbra capitata, Coridothymus capitatus):
Conehead thyme, corido thyme, Cretan thyme, thyme of the ancients, headed savory, Spanish oreganum (oil), Israeli oreganum (oil).

Thymus cephalatos
.

Thymus x citriodorus (T. lanuginosus var. citriodorum, T.
serpyllum var. citriodorus, T.
‘Limoneum’): Lemon thyme

Thymus herba-barona:
Caraway thyme.

Thymus hirtus
.

Thymus hyemalis:
often wrongly cited as the source of Spanish verbena oil.

Thymus loscosii;
two subspecies exist.

Thymus mastichina:
Mastic thyme, Spanish marjoram.

Thymus praecox:
Creeping thyme; five subspecies exist and several cultivars.

Thymus pulegoides:
Wild thyme, Dutch tea thyme; several subspecies and cultivars exist.

Thymus quinquecostatus:
Japanese thyme; two forms are known.

Thymus serpyllum:
Wild thyme, mother-of-thyme; two subspecies exist.

Thymus vulgaris (T. aestivus, T. ilerdensis, T. webbianus, T. valentianus):
garden thyme, common thyme, French Thyme, red thyme (oil), white thyme (oil).

Thymus zygis (T. sabulicola, T. sylvestris):
Spanish sauce thyme, red thyme (oil).

Other lesser known species and cultivars also exist in the
Thymus
group.

Solanaceae

Nicotiana tabacum:
Tobacco.

Rubiaceae

Anthocephalus indicus (A. cadamba):
Cadamba, kadamba.

Coffea arabica:
Coffee, common coffee, Arabian coffee; many cultivars exist.

Coffea canephora (C. robusta):
Robusta coffee; many cultivars exist.

Gardenia jasminoides (G. florida, G. grandiflora, G. radicans):
Common gardenia, Cape jasmine, gardinia.

Leptactina senegambica:
Karo-karounde.

Caprifoliaceae

Lonicera etrusca (L. gigantea):
Honeysuckle.

Lonicera periclymenum:
Common honeysuckle.

Sambucus nigra:
Elderberry, elderflower.

Valerianaceae

Nardostachys chinensis:
Chinese spikenard.

Nardostachys jatamansi:
Nard, spikenard, ‘false’ Indian valerian root.

Valeriana fauriei (V. officinalis, V. officinalis var. angustifolia, V. officinalis var. latifolia):
Common valerian, European valerian, Belgian valerian, fragrant valerian, garden valerian; other chemotypes exist such as: Japanese valerian, ‘kesso root’.

Valeriana wallichii:
Indian valerian.

Asteraceae (Compositae)

Achillea erba-rotta (A. moschata):
Iva, musk yarrow.

Achillea ligustica:
Ligurian yarrow.

Achillea millefolium:
Common yarrow, milfoil, nosebleed, thousand leaf; at least two subspecies exist.

Arnica montana (A. fulgens, A. sororia)
: Arnica, leopard’s bane, wolf’s bane; two subspecies exist.

Artemisia abrotanum:
Southern wood, old man, lad’s love.

Artemisia absinthium:
Wormwood, common wormwood, green ginger, armoise, absinthium (oil).

Artemisia afra:
African wormwood, lanyana, wildeals.

Artemisia annua:
Annual wormwood, sweet Annie.

Artemisia dracunculus:
French tarragon, Russian tarragon, estragon (oil).

Artemisia genipi (A. spicata, A. laxa, A. mutellina, A. glacialis):
Genipi.

Artemisia herba-alba (A. sieversiana):
Armoise.

Artemisia judaica:
Semen contra.

Artemisia maritima (A. cina):
Levant wormseed.

Artemisia pallens:
Davana.

Artemisia pontica:
Roman wormwood, small absinthe.

Artemisia princeps:
Japanese mugwort.

Artemisia vestita.

Artemisia vulgaris:
Mugwort, Indian wormwood.

Atractylodes lancea:
Atractylis; two varieties exist.

Baccharis dracunculifolia:
Vassoura.

Baccharis gennistelloides:
Carquueja.

Balsamita major (Chrysanthemum balsamita, Pyrethrum majus):
Costmary, mint geranium, sweet Mary, Bible leaf, balsamite.

Blumea balsamifera:
Ngai camphor.

Blumea chinensis:
Tombak-tombak.

Blumea lacera.

Blumea myriocephala (B. lanceolaria)
.

Brachylaena hutchinsii:
Muhuhu.

Calendula officinalis:
Poet’s marigold, pot marigold, calendula, marygold, gold-bloom, hollygold, common marigold, marybud.

Carphephorus odoratissimus, Trilisa odoratissima, Liatris odoratissima, Frasera speciosa:
Deertongue, hound’s tongue, deer’s tongue, Carolina vanilla, vanilla leaf, wild vanilla, vanilla trilisa, whart’s tongue, liatris (oil).

Chamaemelum nobile (Anthemis nobilis)
: Roman chamomile, camomile, English chamomile, garden chamomile, sweet chamomile, true chamomile.

Chamaemelum suaveolens (Matricaria matricarioides):
Pineapple weed.

Conyza canadensis (Erigeron canadensis):
Fleabane, horseweed.

Eriocephalus punctulatus:
Eriocephalee.

Helichrysum angustifolium:
Immortelle, everlasting, helichrysum.

Helichrysum italicum:
Curry plant, white-leaved everlasting.

Helichrysum stoechas:
Everlasting, immortelle; at least two subspecies exist.

Helichrysum orientale:
Everlasting, immortelle.

Inula helenium (Helenium grandiflorum, Aster officinalis, A. helenium):
Elecampane, scabwort, alant, horseheal, yellow starwort, elf dock, wild sunflower, velvet dock.

Matricaria recutita, (M. chamomilla)
: German chamomile, Hungarian chamomile, sweet false chamomile, camomile, blue chamomile, single chamomile, wild chamomile.

Ormentis mixta (Anthemis mixta):
Moroccan chamomile.

Ormentis multicaulis:
Moroccan chamomile.

Pteronia incana:
Pteronia, blue dog.

Santolina chamaecyparissus (Lavendula taemina)
: Santolina, cotton lavender.

Saussurea costus (S. lappa, Aucklandia costus, Aplotaxis lappa, A. auriculata):
Costus.

Solidago odora:
Sweet goldenrod, fragrant goldenrod.

Tagetes lucida:
Sweet marigold, sweet mace, Mexican tarragon.

Tagetes erecta:
African marigold, Aztec marigold,

Tagetes minuta (T. glandulifera):
Taget (oil), tagetes, tagette.

Tagetes patula:
French marigold, taget (oil).

Tanacetum vulgare (Chrysanthemum vulgare, C. tanacetum):
Tansy, bitter buttons, bachelor’s buttons, cheese, scented fern.

Botanical Index

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Abelmoschus moschatus
47

Abies alba
97

Abies balsamea
48

Abies balsamifera
48, 98

Abies canadensis
173

Abies mayriana
98

Abies pectinata
97

Abies sachalinensis
98

Abies siberica
98, 156

Absinthium
191

Acacia arabica
129

Acacia catechu
129

Acacia cavenia
74

Acacia dealbata
74, 129

Acacia decurrens var. dealbata
129

Acacia farnesiana
74, 142

Acacia floribunda
129

Achillea ligustica
192

Achillea millefolium
192

Achillea moschata
192

Acorus calamus var. angustatus
67

African Cedar
75

African Marigold
126, 175

African Myrrh
135

Agothosma betulina
63

Ajowan
39

Ajuan
39

Alant
91

Allium
101

Allium cepa
109, 141

Allium sativum
101, 109

Allium ursinum
102

Allspice
34, 39–40, 84, 87, 100, 201, 202, 203, 204

Aloysia citriodora
186

Aloysia triphylla
121, 186

Alpine Lovage
124

Alpinia officinarum
99, 104

Ambreine 114

Ambrette Seed 41–2, 89, 201, 204

American Arborvitae 178

American Blue Flag 148

American Cranesbill 103

American Dill 90

American Silver Fir 48

American Styrax 174

American Wormseed 190

American Yellow Root 182

Ammi copticum
39

Amomoum curcuma
182

Amomum cardomomum
71

Amygdalus communis var. amara
40

Amyris
42, 63, 106, 150, 166

Amyris balsamifera
42, 166

Anatolian Rose 159

Andropogon citratus
120

Andropogon flexuosus
120

Andropogon martini
149

Andropogon martinii var. motia
149

Andropogon muricatus
187

Andropogon nardus
83

Andropogon schoenathus
120

Anethum foeniculum
96

Anethum graveolens
90

Anethum sowa
90

Angelica 22, 24, 42–4, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204

Angelica archangelica
42

Angelica levisticum
123

Angelica officinalis
42

Aniba rosaeodora
161

Aniba
rosaeodora var. amazonica
161

Anise 16, 22, 45

Aniseed 22, 45, 201, 202, 203

Anisum officinalis
45

Anisum vulgare
45

Anthemis arvensis
78

Anthemis mixta
79

Anthemis nobilis
80

Anthriscus cerefolium
81

Anthriscus longirostris
81

Anthriscus sylvestris
81

Apium carvi
70

Apium graveolens var. dulce
77

Apium graveolens
77

Apium graveolens var. rapaceum
77

Apium petroselinium
150

Aplotaxis auriculata
56

Aplotaxis lappa
86

Apothecary Rose 158

Arabian Myrrh 135

Aracti Jaborandi 111

Aristolochia serpentaria
171

Armoise 133, 191

Armoracia lapathifolia
108

Armoracia rusticana
108

Arnica 46, 199

Arnica cordifolia Arnica fulgens
46

Arnica montana
46

Arnica sororia
46

Aromatic Quinquina 73

Aromatic Wintergreen 189

Arruda Brava 111

Arrudo do mato 111

Artemisia absinthium
191

Artemisia arborescens
133

Artemisia cina
190

Artemisia dracunculus
176

Artemisia moxa
133

Artemisia sinensis
133

Artemisia vulgaris
133

Asafoetida 46

Asarum canadense
171

Asiatic Styrax 174

Aspic 115, 116, 172

Aster helenium
91

Aster officinalis
91

Atlantic Cedar 74

Atlas Cedar 75

Atlas Cedarwood 20, 21, 75–6, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204

Attar or Rose 159

Aucklandia costus
86

Australian Sandalwood 166

Azob 110

Aztec Marigold 175

Bachelor’s Buttons 176

Bahama Cascarilla 73

Balm 47

Balm Mint 131

Balm of Gilead Fir 48

Balsam Fir 48

Balsam of Gilead 48

Balsam styracis
174

Balsam Tree 84

Balsamodendrom myrrha
135

Balsamum americanum
51

Balsamum tolutanum
51

Baltimore 190

Baros Camphor 60

Barosma betulina
63

Barosma cerulata
63

Barosma serratifolia
63

Basil 22, 23, 24, 32, 99, 133, 161, 177, 189

Basil Thyme 66

Bastard Lavender 115

Batavia Cinnamon 82

Baume de Perou Brun 64

Bay 34, 55, 84, 110, 116, 124, 136, 139

Bay Laurel 35, 54–5, 202, 203

Bay Leaf 55

Bay Rum Tree 55

Bayberry 55, 136

Bedford Cedarwood 76

Bee Balm 57

Belgian Valerian 184

Benzoin 21, 32, 37, 49, 56–7, 77, 79, 82, 89, 119, 132, 135, 144, 154, 159, 167, 173, 186, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204

Bergamot 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 29, 32, 34, 36, 53, 57–8, 62, 71, 74, 75, 79, 80, 83, 84, 85, 89, 92, 103, 105, 115, 116, 127, 136, 142, 149, 152, 154, 159, 164, 167, 172, 175, 180, 181, 194, 199, 200, 202, 203, 204

Betula alba
58, 59

Betula alba var. pubescens
59

Betula capinefolia
58

Betula lenta
58, 59

Betula nigra
58

Betula odorata
59

Betula papyrifera
59

Betula pendula
59

Betula verrucosa
59

Bigarade 143

Biota orientalis
178

Birch Bud 59

Birch Tar 58, 59, 69

Bird’s Nest 72

Bisabol Myrrh 74, 135, 142

Bitter Almond 18, 40–1

Bitter Buttons 176

Bitter Fennel 96

Bitter Orange 11, 142–4, 154, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204

Black Balsam 50

Black Birch 58

Black Catechu 129

Black Mustard 134

Black Pepper 21, 22, 73, 87, 153–4, 167, 171, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203

Black Pine 99, 156

Black Spruce 173

Blazing Star 89

Blue Chamomile 78

Blue Gum Eucalyptus 93–4, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204

Blue Malee 93

Blue Peppermint 95

Blue Violet 188

Bluebell 109

Boabo 94

Bois de Rose 161

Boldo Leaf 60

Boldoa fragrans
60

Boldu 60

Boldu boldus
60

Boldus 60

Bookoo 63

Borneo Camphor 12, 60

Borneol 21, 22, 60–1, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204

Boronia 61–2, 75, 107, 189

Boronia megastigma
61

Boswellia carteri
98

Boswellia serrata
99

Bourbon Geranium 103

Bourbon Vanilla 185

Brandy Mint 131

Brassica alba
134

Brassica napus
134

Brassica nigra
134

Brassica sinapioides
134

Brazilian Mimosa 129

Brazilian Rosewood 161

Brazilian Sassafras 168

British India Lemongrass 120

Broad-leaved Lavender 116

Broad-leaved Lime 122

Broad-leaved Peppermint Eucalyptus 93, 95–6, 199, 201, 202, 203, 204

Broom 62

Brown Boronia 61

Brown Mustard 134

Bubonion 100

Bucco 63

Buchu 35, 63

Buku 63

Bulgarian Rose 158, 159

Bulnesia sarmienti
106

Bursera delpechiana
121

Bursera glabrifolia
121

Bush Basil 53

Buttons 176

Cabbage Rose 157–9, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204

Cabreuva 64, 199, 200, 202, 203

Cabureicica 64

Cade 64–5, 113, 199, 200

Cajeput 15, 21, 23, 31, 35, 65–6, 177, 200, 201, 202, 203

Cajuput 65

Calamint 66

Calamintha 66–7, 201, 202, 204

Calamintha clinopodium
66

Calamintha hortensis
169

Calamintha montana
170

Calamintha nepeta
66

Calamintha officinalis
66

Calamus 13, 67–8, 69, 75, 115, 136

Calamus aromaticus
67

Calamus odoratus
Calendula 126, 175

Calendula officinalis
126, 175

Californian Bay 54

Californian Pepper Tree 170

Californian Spearmint 190

Camomile 78, 80

Campernella 137 Camphor 12, 13, 20, 21, 22, 23, 68–9, 99, 147, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203

Camphor Basil 53

Canada Turpentine 48

Canadian Balsam 48–9, 98, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204

Canadian Snakeroot Canadian Spruce 173

Cananga 50, 67, 69–70, 84, 87, 92, 150, 151, 155, 178, 183, 193, 199, 200, 201, 204

Cananga odorata
69

Cananga odorata var. genuina
69, 193

Cananga odorata var. macrophylla
69, 193

Canarium commune
92

Canarium luzonicum
92

Cape Jasmine 101

Caraway 22, 70, 71, 90, 202, 203

Cardamomi 71

Cardomom 91

Cardomon 22, 34, 71, 88, 89, 105, 164, 202, 203, 204

Cardomum 71

Carnation 174, 182

Carolina Vanilla 89

Carphephorus odoratissimus
89

Carrot Seed 72, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203

Carum 70

Carum ajowa
39

Carum carvi
3

Carum copticum
39

Carum petroselinum
150

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