Read The Encyclopedia of Essential Oils Online
Authors: Julia Lawless
Lavandula x intermedia (L. hybrida, L. hortensis):
Lavandin; several cultivars exist.
Lavandula latifolia (L. spica):
Spike lavender, spike, aspic, broad-leaved lavender, lesser lavender.
Lavandula stoechas:
French lavender, stoechas lavender; six subspecies exist.
Melissa officinalis:
Lemon balm, balm, melissa, common balm, bee balm, sweet balm, heart’s delight, honeyplant; two subspecies exist.
Mentha aquatica:
Water mint, bergamot mint.
Mentha canadensis (M. arvensis var. villosa, M. arvensis var. glabrata, M. arvensis var. piperascens):
Corn mint, Japanese peppermint, North American field mint.
Mentha x gracilis (M. gentilis):
Scotch spearmint, red mint.
Mentha x piperita:
Peppermint.
Mentha pulegium
: pennyroyal, European pennyroyal, Pudding plant, pulegium.
Mentha spicata (M. viridis, M. longifolia):
Spearmint.
Mentha suaveolens (M. rotundifolia):
Pineapple mint.
Mentha x villosa var. alopecuroides:
Woolly mint, apple mint, Bowles’ mint, Egyptian mint.
Monarda citriodora
: Lemon bee balm, lemon bergamot; two varieties exist.
Monarda clinopodia:
Bee balm, wild bergamot.
Monarda didyma:
Oswego tea, oswego bee balm, bergamot.
Monarda fistulosa:
Wild bergamot, horsemint, bee balm; four varieties exist including
var. menthifolia
.
Monarda x media:
several cultivars exist.
Monarda pectinata:
Pony bee balm.
Nepeta cataria:
Catnip, catmint.
Ocimum basilicum:
Basil, sweet basil; numerous cultivars and chemotypes exist, including ‘Comoran’ basil (exotic or Reunion Basil) and the ‘true’ sweet basil (French, European or common Basil).
Ocimum canum (O. americanum):
Hoary basil, hairy basil.
Ocimum gratissimum (O. viride):
East Indian basil, tree basil, shrubby basil.
Ocimum kilimanjaricum:
Camphor basil.
Ocimum sanctum:
Holy basil, sacred basil.
Origanum x applii:
Oregano.
Origanum marjorana (Marjorana hortensis):
Sweet
marjoram, knotted marjoram.
Origanum x marjorana:
Oregano, marjoram.
Origanum onites:
Pot marjoram, French marjoram.
Origanum syriacum (O. maru):
Syrian oregano.
Origanum vulgare:
Common oregano; this is divided into six subspecies:
subsp.vulgare:
Wild marjoram, oreganum (oil); several cultivars exist.
subsp.glandulosum:
Oregano.
subsp.gracile (O. tytthanthum, O. kopetdaghense):
Russian oregano.
subsp.hirtum (O. hirtum, O. heracleoticum):
Winter, Greek or Italian oregano.
subsp.virens (O. virens):
Wild marjoram.
subsp.viride (O. heracleoticum):
Wild marjoram.
Perilla frutescens (P. ocymoides):
Perilla, beefsteak plant; numerous varieties exist.
Pogostemon cablin (P. patchouly):
Patchouli, patchouly, puchaput.
Pogostemon heyneanus (P. patchouli):
False patchouly.
Rosmarinus officinalis:
Rosemary; other varieties exist including:
var. officinalis:
Common rosemary; numerous cultivars and forms exist.
var. angustifolia (R. tenuifolius):
Pine-scented rosemary, pine-needled rosemary.
var. lavendulaceus (R. officinalis f. humulis, f. procumbens):
Prostrate rosemary; numerous cultivars exist.
Salvia clevelandii:
Blue sage.
Salvia dorisiana:
Peach-scented sage, British Honduran sage.
Salvia elegans (S. rutilans):
Pineapple-scented sage.
Salvia fruticosa (S. triloba):
Greek sage.
Salvia lavendulidefolia:
Spanish sage, lavender-leaved sage.
Salvia leucophylla:
Grey sage, purple sage.
Salvia officinalis:
Common sage, dalmatian sage, garden sage; many cultivars exist.
Salvia pomifera (S. calycina):
Apple sage.
Salvia sclarea:
Clary, clary sage, muscatel sage, clary wort, clear eye, see bright, common clary, clarry, eye bright.
Salvia verbenacea (S. clandestina, S. horminoides):
Vervain sage, wild clary.
Salvia viridis (S. horminum):
Bluebeard sage, Joseph sage, red-topped sage.
Satureja douglasii (Micromeria chamissonis, M. douglasii):
Yerba buena (Spanish).
Satureja hortensis (Satureia hortensis, Calamintha hortensis):
Summer savory, garden savory.
Satureja montana (S. obovata, Calamintha montana):
Winter savory; at least five subspecies exist.
Satureja thymbra:
Za’atar rumi (Arabic).
Thymus caespititius (T. micans, T. serpyllum):
Tiny thyme, tufted thyme.
Thymus capitatus (Satureja capitata, Thymbra capitata, Coridothymus capitatus):
Conehead thyme, corido thyme, Cretan thyme, thyme of the ancients, headed savory, Spanish oreganum (oil), Israeli oreganum (oil).
Thymus cephalatos
.
Thymus x citriodorus (T. lanuginosus var. citriodorum, T.
serpyllum var. citriodorus, T.
‘Limoneum’): Lemon thyme
Thymus herba-barona:
Caraway thyme.
Thymus hirtus
.
Thymus hyemalis:
often wrongly cited as the source of Spanish verbena oil.
Thymus loscosii;
two subspecies exist.
Thymus mastichina:
Mastic thyme, Spanish marjoram.
Thymus praecox:
Creeping thyme; five subspecies exist and several cultivars.
Thymus pulegoides:
Wild thyme, Dutch tea thyme; several subspecies and cultivars exist.
Thymus quinquecostatus:
Japanese thyme; two forms are known.
Thymus serpyllum:
Wild thyme, mother-of-thyme; two subspecies exist.
Thymus vulgaris (T. aestivus, T. ilerdensis, T. webbianus, T. valentianus):
garden thyme, common thyme, French Thyme, red thyme (oil), white thyme (oil).
Thymus zygis (T. sabulicola, T. sylvestris):
Spanish sauce thyme, red thyme (oil).
Other lesser known species and cultivars also exist in the
Thymus
group.
Solanaceae
Nicotiana tabacum:
Tobacco.
Rubiaceae
Anthocephalus indicus (A. cadamba):
Cadamba, kadamba.
Coffea arabica:
Coffee, common coffee, Arabian coffee; many cultivars exist.
Coffea canephora (C. robusta):
Robusta coffee; many cultivars exist.
Gardenia jasminoides (G. florida, G. grandiflora, G. radicans):
Common gardenia, Cape jasmine, gardinia.
Leptactina senegambica:
Karo-karounde.
Caprifoliaceae
Lonicera etrusca (L. gigantea):
Honeysuckle.
Lonicera periclymenum:
Common honeysuckle.
Sambucus nigra:
Elderberry, elderflower.
Valerianaceae
Nardostachys chinensis:
Chinese spikenard.
Nardostachys jatamansi:
Nard, spikenard, ‘false’ Indian valerian root.
Valeriana fauriei (V. officinalis, V. officinalis var. angustifolia, V. officinalis var. latifolia):
Common valerian, European valerian, Belgian valerian, fragrant valerian, garden valerian; other chemotypes exist such as: Japanese valerian, ‘kesso root’.
Valeriana wallichii:
Indian valerian.
Asteraceae (Compositae)
Achillea erba-rotta (A. moschata):
Iva, musk yarrow.
Achillea ligustica:
Ligurian yarrow.
Achillea millefolium:
Common yarrow, milfoil, nosebleed, thousand leaf; at least two subspecies exist.
Arnica montana (A. fulgens, A. sororia)
: Arnica, leopard’s bane, wolf’s bane; two subspecies exist.
Artemisia abrotanum:
Southern wood, old man, lad’s love.
Artemisia absinthium:
Wormwood, common wormwood, green ginger, armoise, absinthium (oil).
Artemisia afra:
African wormwood, lanyana, wildeals.
Artemisia annua:
Annual wormwood, sweet Annie.
Artemisia dracunculus:
French tarragon, Russian tarragon, estragon (oil).
Artemisia genipi (A. spicata, A. laxa, A. mutellina, A. glacialis):
Genipi.
Artemisia herba-alba (A. sieversiana):
Armoise.
Artemisia judaica:
Semen contra.
Artemisia maritima (A. cina):
Levant wormseed.
Artemisia pallens:
Davana.
Artemisia pontica:
Roman wormwood, small absinthe.
Artemisia princeps:
Japanese mugwort.
Artemisia vestita.
Artemisia vulgaris:
Mugwort, Indian wormwood.
Atractylodes lancea:
Atractylis; two varieties exist.
Baccharis dracunculifolia:
Vassoura.
Baccharis gennistelloides:
Carquueja.
Balsamita major (Chrysanthemum balsamita, Pyrethrum majus):
Costmary, mint geranium, sweet Mary, Bible leaf, balsamite.
Blumea balsamifera:
Ngai camphor.
Blumea chinensis:
Tombak-tombak.
Blumea lacera.
Blumea myriocephala (B. lanceolaria)
.
Brachylaena hutchinsii:
Muhuhu.
Calendula officinalis:
Poet’s marigold, pot marigold, calendula, marygold, gold-bloom, hollygold, common marigold, marybud.
Carphephorus odoratissimus, Trilisa odoratissima, Liatris odoratissima, Frasera speciosa:
Deertongue, hound’s tongue, deer’s tongue, Carolina vanilla, vanilla leaf, wild vanilla, vanilla trilisa, whart’s tongue, liatris (oil).
Chamaemelum nobile (Anthemis nobilis)
: Roman chamomile, camomile, English chamomile, garden chamomile, sweet chamomile, true chamomile.
Chamaemelum suaveolens (Matricaria matricarioides):
Pineapple weed.
Conyza canadensis (Erigeron canadensis):
Fleabane, horseweed.
Eriocephalus punctulatus:
Eriocephalee.
Helichrysum angustifolium:
Immortelle, everlasting, helichrysum.
Helichrysum italicum:
Curry plant, white-leaved everlasting.
Helichrysum stoechas:
Everlasting, immortelle; at least two subspecies exist.
Helichrysum orientale:
Everlasting, immortelle.
Inula helenium (Helenium grandiflorum, Aster officinalis, A. helenium):
Elecampane, scabwort, alant, horseheal, yellow starwort, elf dock, wild sunflower, velvet dock.
Matricaria recutita, (M. chamomilla)
: German chamomile, Hungarian chamomile, sweet false chamomile, camomile, blue chamomile, single chamomile, wild chamomile.
Ormentis mixta (Anthemis mixta):
Moroccan chamomile.
Ormentis multicaulis:
Moroccan chamomile.
Pteronia incana:
Pteronia, blue dog.
Santolina chamaecyparissus (Lavendula taemina)
: Santolina, cotton lavender.
Saussurea costus (S. lappa, Aucklandia costus, Aplotaxis lappa, A. auriculata):
Costus.
Solidago odora:
Sweet goldenrod, fragrant goldenrod.
Tagetes lucida:
Sweet marigold, sweet mace, Mexican tarragon.
Tagetes erecta:
African marigold, Aztec marigold,
Tagetes minuta (T. glandulifera):
Taget (oil), tagetes, tagette.
Tagetes patula:
French marigold, taget (oil).
Tanacetum vulgare (Chrysanthemum vulgare, C. tanacetum):
Tansy, bitter buttons, bachelor’s buttons, cheese, scented fern.
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Abelmoschus moschatus
47
Abies alba
97
Abies balsamea
48
Abies balsamifera
48, 98
Abies canadensis
173
Abies mayriana
98
Abies pectinata
97
Abies sachalinensis
98
Abies siberica
98, 156
Absinthium
191
Acacia arabica
129
Acacia catechu
129
Acacia cavenia
74
Acacia dealbata
74, 129
Acacia decurrens var. dealbata
129
Acacia farnesiana
74, 142
Acacia floribunda
129
Achillea ligustica
192
Achillea millefolium
192
Achillea moschata
192
Acorus calamus var. angustatus
67
African Cedar
75
African Marigold
126, 175
African Myrrh
135
Agothosma betulina
63
Ajowan
39
Ajuan
39
Alant
91
Allium
101
Allium cepa
109, 141
Allium sativum
101, 109
Allium ursinum
102
Allspice
34, 39–40, 84, 87, 100, 201, 202, 203, 204
Aloysia citriodora
186
Aloysia triphylla
121, 186
Alpine Lovage
124
Alpinia officinarum
99, 104
Ambreine 114
Ambrette Seed 41–2, 89, 201, 204
American Arborvitae 178
American Blue Flag 148
American Cranesbill 103
American Dill 90
American Silver Fir 48
American Styrax 174
American Wormseed 190
American Yellow Root 182
Ammi copticum
39
Amomoum curcuma
182
Amomum cardomomum
71
Amygdalus communis var. amara
40
Amyris
42, 63, 106, 150, 166
Amyris balsamifera
42, 166
Anatolian Rose 159
Andropogon citratus
120
Andropogon flexuosus
120
Andropogon martini
149
Andropogon martinii var. motia
149
Andropogon muricatus
187
Andropogon nardus
83
Andropogon schoenathus
120
Anethum foeniculum
96
Anethum graveolens
90
Anethum sowa
90
Angelica 22, 24, 42–4, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204
Angelica archangelica
42
Angelica levisticum
123
Angelica officinalis
42
Aniba rosaeodora
161
Aniba
rosaeodora var. amazonica
161
Anise 16, 22, 45
Aniseed 22, 45, 201, 202, 203
Anisum officinalis
45
Anisum vulgare
45
Anthemis arvensis
78
Anthemis mixta
79
Anthemis nobilis
80
Anthriscus cerefolium
81
Anthriscus longirostris
81
Anthriscus sylvestris
81
Apium carvi
70
Apium graveolens var. dulce
77
Apium graveolens
77
Apium graveolens var. rapaceum
77
Apium petroselinium
150
Aplotaxis auriculata
56
Aplotaxis lappa
86
Apothecary Rose 158
Arabian Myrrh 135
Aracti Jaborandi 111
Aristolochia serpentaria
171
Armoise 133, 191
Armoracia lapathifolia
108
Armoracia rusticana
108
Arnica 46, 199
Arnica cordifolia Arnica fulgens
46
Arnica montana
46
Arnica sororia
46
Aromatic Quinquina 73
Aromatic Wintergreen 189
Arruda Brava 111
Arrudo do mato 111
Artemisia absinthium
191
Artemisia arborescens
133
Artemisia cina
190
Artemisia dracunculus
176
Artemisia moxa
133
Artemisia sinensis
133
Artemisia vulgaris
133
Asafoetida 46
Asarum canadense
171
Asiatic Styrax 174
Aspic 115, 116, 172
Aster helenium
91
Aster officinalis
91
Atlantic Cedar 74
Atlas Cedar 75
Atlas Cedarwood 20, 21, 75–6, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204
Attar or Rose 159
Aucklandia costus
86
Australian Sandalwood 166
Azob 110
Aztec Marigold 175
Bachelor’s Buttons 176
Bahama Cascarilla 73
Balm 47
Balm Mint 131
Balm of Gilead Fir 48
Balsam Fir 48
Balsam of Gilead 48
Balsam styracis
174
Balsam Tree 84
Balsamodendrom myrrha
135
Balsamum americanum
51
Balsamum tolutanum
51
Baltimore 190
Baros Camphor 60
Barosma betulina
63
Barosma cerulata
63
Barosma serratifolia
63
Basil 22, 23, 24, 32, 99, 133, 161, 177, 189
Basil Thyme 66
Bastard Lavender 115
Batavia Cinnamon 82
Baume de Perou Brun 64
Bay 34, 55, 84, 110, 116, 124, 136, 139
Bay Laurel 35, 54–5, 202, 203
Bay Leaf 55
Bay Rum Tree 55
Bayberry 55, 136
Bedford Cedarwood 76
Bee Balm 57
Belgian Valerian 184
Benzoin 21, 32, 37, 49, 56–7, 77, 79, 82, 89, 119, 132, 135, 144, 154, 159, 167, 173, 186, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204
Bergamot 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 29, 32, 34, 36, 53, 57–8, 62, 71, 74, 75, 79, 80, 83, 84, 85, 89, 92, 103, 105, 115, 116, 127, 136, 142, 149, 152, 154, 159, 164, 167, 172, 175, 180, 181, 194, 199, 200, 202, 203, 204
Betula alba
58, 59
Betula alba var. pubescens
59
Betula capinefolia
58
Betula lenta
58, 59
Betula nigra
58
Betula odorata
59
Betula papyrifera
59
Betula pendula
59
Betula verrucosa
59
Bigarade 143
Biota orientalis
178
Birch Bud 59
Birch Tar 58, 59, 69
Bird’s Nest 72
Bisabol Myrrh 74, 135, 142
Bitter Almond 18, 40–1
Bitter Buttons 176
Bitter Fennel 96
Bitter Orange 11, 142–4, 154, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204
Black Balsam 50
Black Birch 58
Black Catechu 129
Black Mustard 134
Black Pepper 21, 22, 73, 87, 153–4, 167, 171, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203
Black Pine 99, 156
Black Spruce 173
Blazing Star 89
Blue Chamomile 78
Blue Gum Eucalyptus 93–4, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204
Blue Malee 93
Blue Peppermint 95
Blue Violet 188
Bluebell 109
Boabo 94
Bois de Rose 161
Boldo Leaf 60
Boldoa fragrans
60
Boldu 60
Boldu boldus
60
Boldus 60
Bookoo 63
Borneo Camphor 12, 60
Borneol 21, 22, 60–1, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204
Boronia 61–2, 75, 107, 189
Boronia megastigma
61
Boswellia carteri
98
Boswellia serrata
99
Bourbon Geranium 103
Bourbon Vanilla 185
Brandy Mint 131
Brassica alba
134
Brassica napus
134
Brassica nigra
134
Brassica sinapioides
134
Brazilian Mimosa 129
Brazilian Rosewood 161
Brazilian Sassafras 168
British India Lemongrass 120
Broad-leaved Lavender 116
Broad-leaved Lime 122
Broad-leaved Peppermint Eucalyptus 93, 95–6, 199, 201, 202, 203, 204
Broom 62
Brown Boronia 61
Brown Mustard 134
Bubonion 100
Bucco 63
Buchu 35, 63
Buku 63
Bulgarian Rose 158, 159
Bulnesia sarmienti
106
Bursera delpechiana
121
Bursera glabrifolia
121
Bush Basil 53
Buttons 176
Cabbage Rose 157–9, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204
Cabreuva 64, 199, 200, 202, 203
Cabureicica 64
Cade 64–5, 113, 199, 200
Cajeput 15, 21, 23, 31, 35, 65–6, 177, 200, 201, 202, 203
Cajuput 65
Calamint 66
Calamintha 66–7, 201, 202, 204
Calamintha clinopodium
66
Calamintha hortensis
169
Calamintha montana
170
Calamintha nepeta
66
Calamintha officinalis
66
Calamus 13, 67–8, 69, 75, 115, 136
Calamus aromaticus
67
Calamus odoratus
Calendula 126, 175
Calendula officinalis
126, 175
Californian Bay 54
Californian Pepper Tree 170
Californian Spearmint 190
Camomile 78, 80
Campernella 137 Camphor 12, 13, 20, 21, 22, 23, 68–9, 99, 147, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203
Camphor Basil 53
Canada Turpentine 48
Canadian Balsam 48–9, 98, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204
Canadian Snakeroot Canadian Spruce 173
Cananga 50, 67, 69–70, 84, 87, 92, 150, 151, 155, 178, 183, 193, 199, 200, 201, 204
Cananga odorata
69
Cananga odorata var. genuina
69, 193
Cananga odorata var. macrophylla
69, 193
Canarium commune
92
Canarium luzonicum
92
Cape Jasmine 101
Caraway 22, 70, 71, 90, 202, 203
Cardamomi 71
Cardomom 91
Cardomon 22, 34, 71, 88, 89, 105, 164, 202, 203, 204
Cardomum 71
Carnation 174, 182
Carolina Vanilla 89
Carphephorus odoratissimus
89
Carrot Seed 72, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203
Carum 70
Carum ajowa
39
Carum carvi
3
Carum copticum
39
Carum petroselinum
150