The Great Cholesterol Myth (45 page)

subtypes,
29
,
49
–50,
171

testing,
31

triglycerides and,
44
,
61
–62,
68

vitamin E and,
140

Health Professionals Follow-up Study,
184

Heart Protection Study (HPS),
116
–117

Hegsted, Mark,
36
,
37

hemochromatosis,
143
,
173

hepatotoxicity,
138

high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS),
69
–70,
70
–71

hippocampus,
153

Hirsch, Jules,
42

Hlatky, Mark A.,
119
–120

HMG-CoA reductase enzyme,
59
,
101

HMG-CoA reductase (mevalonate) pathway,
101
,
102
,
107
,
128

Hoffer, Abram,
138

holistic medicine,
160

homocysteine,
174

hormones.
See also
insulin.

adrenaline,
56
,
147
–148,
149
,
150
,
152
–153,
162

anabolic,
56

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH),
157

cholesterol and,
121

cortisol,
56
,
121
,
147
–148,
150
,
153

eicosanoids,
90

epinephrine,
156

estrogen,
46
,
48
,
109
,
121

food and,
56

glucagon,
56

glucocorticoids,
156

human growth hormone,
56

noradrenaline,
56

oxytocin,
109
–110

platelets and,
156
–157

polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and,
109

progesterone,
46
,
48
,
109
,
121

sex hormones,
46
,
48
,
97
,
109
–110,
121

statins and,
97

steroids,
121

stress hormones,
57
,
147
–148,
149
,
150
,
152
–153,
156
–157

testosterone,
109
,
110
,
121

vitamin D,
12

Houston, Mark,
47
,
143
,
145

Hu, Charlene,
179

Hu, Frank B.,
80

human growth hormone,
56

hydrogenated oils,
38

hypertension.
See
blood pressure.

Hypertension Institute,
47

hyperviscosity,
144

hypothalamus,
147

I

immune system

cholesterol and,
122

glycation and,
63

inflammation and,
43
–44

LDL cholesterol and,
107
–108

macrophages and,
53

stress and,
153

infections,
23
–24,
45
,
49
,
107
–108,
122
,
171
–172

inflammation

acute inflammation,
43
–44

aging and,
20
–21

arterial walls,
68

berries and,
183

carbohydrates and,
177

chronic inflammation,
44
–45

common instances of,
43

CRP (C-reactive protein) test,
171
–172

cyclooxygenase (COX) and,
183

cytokines and,
53

degenerative conditions and,
44

HDL cholesterol and,
51

immune system cells and,
43
–44

infections and,
45

insulin and,
60
,
68

Lp(a) molecules and,
173

omega-3 fatty acids and,
127
,
142

omega-6 fatty acids and,
74
,
90
,
181
–182

oxidation and,
45
–46,
52
,
53
,
54

polyphenols,
189

processed meats and,
181

resveratrol and,
145

rheumatoid arthritis and,
45

saturated fat and,
77

statins and,
25
,
96
,
107

stress and,
158

sugar and,
58
,
179

inotropic agents,
131

Institute of Medicine,
68
–69

insulin.
See also
hormones; sugar.

age and,
61

arteries and,
58

blood pressure and,
58

cholesterol and,
59

fasting insulin,
59
,
62

fat cells and,
57

fatty liver and,
70

fiber and,
70

function of,
56
–57

hypertension and,
58
–59

inflammation and,
60
,
68

kidneys and,
58

magnesium and,
137

obesity and,
59
–60,
60
–61

pancreas and,
57

resistance,
58
–59,
64
,
70
,
77
,
137

saturated fat and,
77

sodium and,
58

sugar and,
57

triglycerides-to-HDL ratio and,
62

interleukin-6,
175

International Journal of Cardiology
,
134

International Network of Cholesterol Skeptics,
21

Iowa 65+ Rural Health Study,
175

iron,
172
–173

ischemia,
131

Isehara Study,
82

Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging,
111

Italy,
35

J

Japan,
35
,
70
,
81
,
82
,
117
,
129

Japan Atherosclerosis Society,
82

Japanese Lipid Intervention Trial,
117

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
71

Journal of Cardiac Failure,
111

Journal of the American Geriatric Society
,
111

Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention (JUPITER) study,
111
,
118
–120

K

Karajan, Herbert von,
161

Kendrick, Malcolm,
35

Kenya,
65

Keys, Ancel,
14
,
15
,
32
,
33
,
34
–35,
64
,
65

kidneys,
58
,
63
,
147
,
157

Krauss, Ronald,
80

Krebs cycle,
134

L

Lancet, The,
27
,
64
,
99

Lands, Bill,
93

Lane, M. Daniel,
71

lard,
73
,
76
,
89
,
92
,
150
,
151

laughter,
193

L-carnitine,
130
,
131
,
132
,
133
–134

LDL (low-density lipoprotein)

advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and,
58

cancer and,
111

cigarette smoking and,
52
–54

“foam cells” and,
53

function of,
49

Heart Protection Study (HPS),
116
–117

“high cholesterol” definitions and,
82

immune system and,
107
–108,
122

introduction to,
30

Japanese Lipid Intervention Trial,
117

linoleic acid,
92

lipoprotein,
138

niacin and,
137
–138

oxidation,
52
,
53
,
183
,
187

pantethine and,
142
,
143

particle size test,
171

pharmaceutical companies and,
50

plaque and,
120

saturated fat and,
79
,
83

subtypes,
49
–50,
51
,
62
,
68
,
74
,
82
,
83
–84,
129
,
171

tests for,
31
,
62

tocotrienols and,
140

trans fats and,
179

vitamin E and,
140

L-dopa,
174

left ventricular hypertrophy,
158

Lexapro,
110

Life Extension Foundation,
122

Lifestyle Heart Trial,
66
–67

linoleic acid,
92

lipid core of plaque,
53
,
54

lipid hypothesis,
14
,
15

Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial (LRC-CPPT),
39
,
41

Lipitor,
104
,
112
,
114
,
115
–116

Lipitor: Thief of Memory
(Duane Graveline),
48
,
96

lipoprotein,
62
,
130
,
138

Lipoprotein Particle Profile (LPP) test,
62

“Little Ms. Pac-Man” cells,
53
,
54

liver

cholesterol creation by,
47
–48,
121

fatty liver,
70

fructose and,
70

HDL cholesterol and,
49

insulin resistance and,
70

interleukin-6 and,
175

niacin and,
138

saturated fats and,
88

lobbying efforts,
37
,
67
–68,
69
,
108
,
119
,
180

Lodish, Harvey,
94

Lorgeril, Michel de,
42
,
110

Lp(a) molecules,
173
–174

lumbrokinase,
130
,
144

Lundell, Dwight,
42
,
53
,
64

Lustig, Robert,
70
,
71

Lyon Diet Heart Study,
19
,
20
,
25
–26,
42
,
110

M

Maasai people,
65

macrophages,
53
,
54

magnesium,
127
,
130
,
134
–137

Mann, George,
22
–23,
41
,
65

massage,
194

Matz, Marshall,
35

McGill University,
151

McGovern, George,
35

meditation,
191

Mediterranean diet,
26
,
89
,
167
,
189

MedWatch,
97
,
112

Merck company,
27

meta-analyses,
78
–79,
80
,
81
,
129
,
135

metabolic syndrome,
64
,
71

metformin,
127

methotrexate,
174

mevalonate pathway,
101
,
102
,
107
,
128

MGmin-low-density lipoprotein,
51

Micha, Renata,
181

MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology),
94
–95

mitochondria,
128
,
133

“mixed tocopherol” supplements,
140
–141

monocytes,
53

monounsaturated fats,
73
,
84
,
89

Mosher, Michelle,
75

Most Effective Natural Cures on Earth, The
(Jonny Bowden),
103

Most Effective Ways to Live Longer, The
(Jonny Bowden),
45
,
63

Mottern, Nick,
36
,
37

Mozaffarian, Dariush,
84
,
86
,
141

MRFIT study,
39
,
92
,
108
,
122

N

National Academy of Sciences (NAS),
36
,
37

National Centre for Scientific Research,
42

National Cholesterol Education Program,
32
,
66
,
125

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute,
41
,
66

National Institute of Medicine,
126

National Institutes of Health (NIH),
39
,
41
,
42

National Library of Medicine,
141

nattokinase,
130
,
144
,
172

NCEP (National Cholesterol Education Program),
125

Near-Perfect Sexual Crime: Statins Against Cholesterol, A
(Michel de Lorgeril),
110

Netherlands,
34
,
35
,
88
,
89

Netherlands Journal of Medicine,
80

neuropathies,
112

New England Journal of Medicine,
26
,
27
,
29
–30,
119
–120,
174

New York Heart Association (NYHA),
129

New York State Psychiatric Institute,
166