The Joy of Pain (35 page)

40
. Baumeister & Bushman (2010), p. 60.

41
. Aristotle (1991),
The art of rhetoric
, London: Penguin Books (written c. 367–322 BC; trans. H. C. Lawson-Tancred, part I,
chapter 5
, p. 90.

42
. Baumeister & Bushman (2010), pp. 60–61.

43
. Bergson, H. (1911),
Laughter: An essay on the meaning of the comic
, London: Macmillan (quoted in Billig, M. [2005]),
Laughter and ridicule: Towards a social critique of humour,
London: Sage, p. 120.

 

1
. Cited in Portmann (2000), p. xii.

2
. Rosten, L. (1968),
The joys of Yiddish
, New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 201.

3
. Marable, M. (2011),
Malcolm X: A life of reinvention
, New York: Penguin Books.

4
. Watts, A. E. (2008),
Laughing at the world: Schadenfreude
, social identity, and American media culture, unpublished dissertation, Northwestern University; Raney, A. A, & Bryant, J. (2002), Moral judgment and crime drama: An integrated theory of enjoyment,
Journal of Communication
,
52
, 402–415.

5
. De Palma, B. (Director) (1978),
The fury
[film], Chicago: Frank Yablans Presentations.

6
. Portmann (2000); see also Ben-Ze'ev, A. (2000),
The subtlety of emotions
, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

7
. Feather, N. T., & Sherman, R. (2002), Envy, resentment,
schadenfreude
, and sympathy: Reactions to deserved and undeserved achievement and subsequent failure,
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
,
28
, 953–961; van Dijk, W. W., Ouwerkerk, J. W., Goslinga, S., & Nieweg, M. (2005), Deservingness and
schadenfreude
,
Cognition and Emotion
,
19
, 933–939; van Dijk, W. W., Goslinga, S., & Ouwerkerk, J. W. (2008), The impact of responsibility for a misfortune on
schadenfreude
and sympathy: Further evidence,
Journal of Social Psychology
,
148
, 631–636.

8
. Feather, N. T. (2006), Deservingness and emotions: Applying the structural model of deservingness to the analysis of affective reactions to outcomes,
European Review of Social Psychology
,
17
, 38–73; Feather, N. T. (1992), An attributional and value analysis of deservingness in success and failure situations,
British Journal of Social Psychology, 31
, 125–145; Hafer, C. L., Olson, J. M., & Peterson, A. A. (2008), Extreme harmdoing: A view from the social psychology of justice, in V. M. Esses & R. A. Vernon (Eds.),
Explaining the breakdown of ethnic relations: Why neighbors kill
(pp. 17–40), Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing; Heuer, L., Blumenthal, E., Douglas, A., & Weinblatt, T. (1999), A deservingness approach to respect as a relationally based fairness judgment,
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25
, 1279–1292; van Dijk, Goslinga, & Ouwerkerk (2008).

9
. See
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/09/24/60minutes/main5339719.shtml?tag=currentVideoInfo;segmentUtilities
, retrieved February 9, 2010.

10
. See
http://www.reuters.com/article/ousiv/idUSTRE55P6O520090629
, retrieved June 26, 2009.

11
. Ibid.

12
. Feather (1992); Darley, J. M., Carlsmith, K. M., & Robinson, P. H. (2000), Incapacitation and just deserts as motives for punishment,
Law and Human Behavior, 24
, 659–683; Hafer, Olson, & Peterson (2008); Heuer, Blumenthal, Douglas, & Weinblatt (1999).

13
. See
http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2009/06/madoff200906
, retrieved July 6, 2009.

14
. See
http://www.reuters.com/article/ousiv/idUSTRE55P6O520090629
, retrieved July 30, 2009.

15
. See
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/30/business/30scene.html
, retrieved July 12, 2009.

16
. See
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/27/business/27madoff.html
, retrieved June 15, 2009.

17
. See
http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/02/27/wiesel.madoff/index.html
, retrieved May 15, 2009.

18
. See
http://www.businessinsider.com/bernies-cell-2009-3
, retrieved May 20, 2009.

19
. Some scholars argue that the more a misfortune seems deserved, the more the feeling produced in witnesses may shift from
schadenfreude
to a different category of emotion, a kind of impersonal, general satisfaction derived from the restoration of justice. In the case of the purely deserved, in part because the pleasure may produce no reproach from others. The emotion is, for lack of a needed term, “satisfied indignation,” rather than
schadenfreude
. I think that this is an important distinction, but my preference, as I stated in the Introduction, is to opt for a broader, more inclusive view of
schadenfreude
. Otherwise, in this domain, we would be tempted to remove a sense of deservingness from any instances of
schadenfreude.
For examples of subtle treatments of these issues, see Kristjansson, K. (2005),
Justice and desert-based emotions
, Farnham, Surrey, UK: Ashgate Publishing; McNamee, M. (2003),
Schadenfreude
in sport: Envy, justice and self-esteem,
Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 30
, 1–16; and Portmann (2000).

20
. See
http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/mind/s680880.htm
, retrieved April 5, 2010.

21
. Portmann (2000), p. 114.

22
. See
http://www.ccel.org/ccel/edwards/works2.vi.ix.iii.html
, retrieved May 23, 2012.

23
. Seaman, A. R. (1999),
Swaggart: The unauthorized biography of an American evangelist,
New York: Continuum.

24
. Ibid.

25
. See
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,974120,00.html
, retrieved May 13, 2010.

26
. Charley Carlson, personal communication.

27
. Baur, S. W. (2008),
The art of the public grovel: Sexual sin and public confession in America
, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

28
. See
http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/05/12/1624904_physician-heal-thyself.html
, retrieved May 16, 2010.

29
. I also use this example extensively in, Powell, C. A. J., & Smith, R. H. (in press), The inherent joy in seeing hypocrites hoisted with their own petards,
Self and Identity.

30
. See
http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/01/29/lkl.ted.haggard/
, retrieved March 13, 2009; and
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0486358/quotes
, retrieved August 29, 2009.

31
. Haggard, T., & Haggard, G. (2006),
From this day forward: Making your vows last a lifetime
, Colorado Springs, CO: Waterbook Press.

32
. Jones, M. (2007),
I had to say something: The art of Ted Haggard's fall
, New York: Seven Stories Press, p. 145.

33
. Ibid., p. 160.

34
. See
http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=2626067&page=1
, retrieved April 2, 2009.

35
. Amann, J. M., & Breuer, T. (2007),
The brotherhood of the disappearing pants: A field guide to conservative sex scandals
, New York: Nation Books.

36
. See
http://dorothysurrenders.blogspot.com/2006/11/fun-with-hypocrisy.html
, retrieved January 15, 2009.

37
. Jones (2007), p. 232.

38
. Ibid., p. 9.

39
. Wilde, O. (1891),
The picture of Dorian Gray
, Richmond: University of Virginia Library Electronic Text Center, p. 35.

40
. Seaman (1999), p. 14.

41
. Ibid.

42
. See
http://www.waynebrownministries.com/b2evolution/blogs/index.php/2010/05/06/ted-haggard-on-the-rekers-sex-scandal-we-are-all-sinners?blog=23
, retrieved May 28, 2010.

43
. See
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/19/us/19rekers.html
, retrieved May 28, 2010.

44
. See
http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2003/0306.green.html
, retrieved April 22, 2008; and
http://www.slate.com/id/2082526/
, retrieved May 12, 2008.

45
. See
http://www.nationalreview.com/goldberg/goldberg050503.asp
, retrieved April 22, 2008.

46
. See
http://www.slate.com/id/2082526/
, retrieved May 12, 2008.

47
. King James Bible, Matthew 23:25, 27–28.

48
. Cialdini (2009), p. 53.

49
. Monin, B., Sawyer, P., & Marquez, M. (2008), The rejection of moral rebels: Resenting those who do the right thing,
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95,
76–93; Monin, B. (2007), Holier than me? Threatening social comparison in the moral domain,
International Review of Social Psychology, 20
, 53–68.

50
. Monin (2007).

51
. Heider (1958); Tripp, T. M., Bies, R. J., & Aquino, K. (2002), Poetic justice or petty jealousy? The aesthetics of revenge,
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89
, 966–987.

52
. Powell & Smith (in press).

 

1
. Quoted in French, R. A. (2001),
The virtures of vengeance,
Lawrence: University of Kansas Press;
Agamemnon, The Oresteria
(trans. Robert Fagles), London: Penguin Books, 1975, p. 3.

2
. See
http://blog.al.com/live/2011/05/osama_bin_laden_death_brings_j.html
, retrieved March 25, 2012.

3
. See
http://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/I-am-not-a-vengeful-man-but-I-do-enjoy-a-touch-of-retribution-now-and-then-New-Yorker-Cartoon-Prints_i8474436_.htm
, retrieved June 2, 2012.

4
. As I noted in
Chapter 5
, it can be argued that the more a misfortune seems deserved by objective standards, the more the feeling may seem qualitatively different from
schadenfreude,
and thus an impartial satisfaction derived from the restoration of justice. For my purposes, here, I opt for a broader view of
schadenfreude
, although I acknowledge that this is an important distinction.

5
. Hafer, C. L., & Begue, L. (2005), Experimental research on just-world theory: Problems, developments, and future challenges,
Psychological Bulletin
,
131
, 128–167; Lerner, M. J. (1980),
The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion
, New York: Plenum Press; Lodewijkx, H. F. M., Wildschut, T., Nijstad, B. A., Savenije, W., Smit, M., & Nijstad, B. (2001), In a violent world, a just world makes sense: The case of “senseless violence” in the Netherlands,
Social Justice Research, 14
, 79–94.

6
. Lerner, M. J., & Simmons, C. H. (1966). Observer's reaction to the “innocent victim”: Compassion or rejection?
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4
, 203–210.

7
. See
http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v3n2/justworld.html
, retrieved May 20, 2008; and
http://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/03/us/nature-of-clothing-isnt-evidence-in-rape-cases-florida-law-says.html
, retrieved August 15, 2012.

8
. Lerner (1980).

9
. Alicke, M. D. (2000), Culpable control and the psychology of blame,
Psychological Bulletin
,
126
, 556–574; Alicke, M. D., & Davis, T. L. (1989), The role of a posteriori victim information in judgments of blame and sanction,
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25
, 362–377.

10
. See
http://blog.al.com/live/2011/05/osama_bin_laden_death_brings_j.html
, retrieved March 23, 2012.

11
. See
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/14/books/14dover.html
, retrieved March 18, 2010; and
http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2010/mar/08/sir-kenneth-dover-obituary
, retrieved March, 2010.

12
. Dover, K. (1994),
Marginal comment: A memoir
, London: Duckworth.

13
. He decided to be unbothered if many of the things he wrote might seem unimportant to other people because “how can we know, so long as people are reticent through
fear of being thought vain if they speak of what is to their credit, or exhibitionists if it is discreditable, or, ‘unbalanced' if they reveal how little things affects them and big thing did not?” Dover (1994), p. 2.

14
. Dover (1994), p. 228.

15
. See
http://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/28/world/a-scholar-s-memoirs-raise-some-ghosts-at-oxford.html?pagewanted=all
, retrieved May 2, 2010.

16
. Dover (1994), p. 230.

17
. According to an account in
The New York Times
, Dover's “level of moral culpability was roundly debated in British academic circles,” and the publishing of his memoir some years later rekindled the debate and broadened it beyond academia;
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/14/books/14dover.html
, retrieved March 18, 2010.

18
. See
http://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/28/world/a-scholar-s-memoirs-raise-some-ghosts-at-oxford.html?pagewanted=all
, retrieved May 2, 2010.

19
. Ibid.

20
. Dover (1994), p. 230.

21
. See
http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2010/mar/08/sir-kenneth-dover-obituary
, retrieved March 18, 2010.

22
. Hareli, S., & Weiner, B. (2002), Dislike and envy as antecedents of pleasure at another's misfortune,
Motivation and Emotion, 26,
257–277; Ortony, A., Clore, G., & Collins, A. (1988).
The cognition structure of emotions.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.