Read The New Penguin History of the World Online
Authors: J. M. Roberts,Odd Arne Westad
Mitsui, Japanese traders,
841
Moghul empire in India
established in Babur,
435
–6
stabilized by Akbar,
436
–9
religious eclecticism,
436
–8
European trading posts,
439
–40
arts in,
440
popular revolts,
441
collapse,
638
formally ended,
819
Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi (1919–80), shah of Iran,
1122
Harappan site,
121
–2,
123
Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich (1890–1986), Soviet politician,
1092
monarchy
see
political institutions monasticism
in India,
130
Christian,
310
–11,
349
in England,
409
,
415
,
580
early medieval reform,
415
money
invented,
92
in China,
137
,
142
,
449
,
456
encouraged Greek trade,
178
,
182
terminology,
231
inflation in Roman empire,
278
Chinese use of paper spreads,
380
Ottoman,
388
little Dark Age coinage,
417
medieval growth of money economy,
514
–15
decimal systems,
736
see also
gold; inflation
Mongols,
371
nomad warriors,
377
inspired aggression of Chinghis Khan,
378
–9
assault on Islam,
379
–80
khanates,
380
reasons for success,
380
–1
Il-khans,
382
–3
religion,
381
–2
Timur Lang,
385
–6,
435
ascendancy in China (1264–1368),
454
,
458
–60
repelled by Japanese,
470
Monophysites, Christian heretics,
309
,
349
–50
Monroe doctrine
US hegemony in N. America,
771
–2,
800
intervention in S. America,
804
–5,
829
deterred European imperialism,
815
stimulated US expansion,
828
alive and well,
1086
Montenegro,
872
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, baron (1689–1755), French philosopher,
568
,
690
Morocco
French interest,
821
,
824
,
890
–1
independent,
1067
Islamic fundamentalism in,
1124
fall in Europe,
551
,
701
–2,
703
,
996
of slaveships,
560
in World War I,
893
,
895
,
898
–9
in World War II,
971
infant: in Egypt,
80
; in medieval Europe,
523
; fall in Europe,
701
; in war,
895
; world disparities,
996
–7; in Cuba,
1086
life expectancies,
996
–7
Moscow
medieval,
369
,
528
,
530
early modern,
615
,
619
,
623
Moses (
c.
14th cent.
BC
), Hebrew patriarch,
85
,
111
,
261
Moslems
Moslem-Hindu clash in India,
638
,
853
–5,
980
–2,
1120
Moslem brotherhood,
1123
see also
Islam
motor cars
spread of,
796
,
880
,
1009
,
1011
early use,
864
cheap American,
878
,
1007
,
1009
Japanese production,
1116
Mo-Tzu (5th cent.
BC
), Chinese thinker,
145
Mu-Awiyah, first Umayyad caliph (661–80),
333
Muhammad (570–632),
324
–9
background,
325
opposed by Quraysh,
328
teaching,
327
–8
Munich agreements (1938),
955
–6
Murasaki, Lady (978–
c.
1015), Japanese novelist,
471
Muscovy,
371
,
410
,
529
,
530
,
614
,
616
,
619
music
Arabic,
341
20th-cent. movements,
947
,
1056
Mussolini, Benito (1883–1945), Italian dictator
rise to power,
909
–10
aggressive foreign policy,
951
,
955
overthrow,
963
Mycenae, Mycenaeans,
100
–5
Nadir Kali (1688–1747), shah of Persia,
392
Napier, John (1550–1617), Scot, inventor of logarithms,
686
Napoleon I (Bonaparte) (1769–1821), emperor of France (1804–15)
consolidated French Revolution,
738
–40,
742
–3
rise,
738
–9
redrew European map,
740
–1
awakened nationalism,
743
–4
influence on Russians,
762
Napoleon III (1808–73), emperor of France (1852–71),
755
,
756
Nasser, Gamal Abel (1918–70), Egyptian statesman,
1067
,
1068
,
1070
nationalism
growth in Europe,
504
–6,
585
,
607
stimulated by Napoleon,
743
–4
19th-cent. growth,
745
–6,
873
–4
associated with liberalism,
747
1848 revolts and,
752
in Eastern Question,
750
,
755
,
871
–2,
932
–44
Slav,
751
,
872
,
888
–9
in Italy and Germany,
755
–6
Chinese,
839
,
840
–1
in Japan,
846
,
926
–7
in India
851
–4,
979
–82
in S.E. Asia
859
in Ireland,
872
–3
in World War I,
917
–22
in World War II,
957
,
978
space exploration and,
1018
–22
modern political force,
1036
–7
Arab,
1066
continuing vigour of,
1187
naval power and tactics
in Crete,
97
of Solomon,
113
of Athens,
190
,
196
Byzantine,
307
English,
604
,
658
,
662
–4,
795
,
814
,
873
,
891
Spanish,
604
,
660
–1
Turkish,
610
warships,
610
,
633
,
664
Dutch,
660
French,
664
German,
873
,
891
Japanese,
919
see also
shipping
navigation
medieval advances in Europe,
531
–2,
534
–6
astrolabe,
538
Chinese and Arab,
631
see also
shipping
Nazism
see
Germany; Hitler
Neanderthal man
sites,
19
characteristics,
20
art,
24
Near East
Homo sapiens sapiens
found,
19
crucial zone of early development,
31
–2,
35
–6,
41
,
45
first civilizations,
42
,
47
,
49
–65,
106
–18
racial interplay,
47
–8,
106
–8
papyrus in,
78
literacy in,
93
iron in,
107
religious forces,
109
–10
Assyrian influences,
115
–16
integration of civilizations,
159
–60
see also
Fertile Crescent; Islam; Ottoman empire; individual areas
Nebuchadnezzar II, king of Babylon (604–562
BC
),
117
,
118
,
160
Negroid peoples
see
racial issues (ethnic groups)
Nehru, Pandit Jawaharlal (1889–1964), Indian statesman,
1050
,
1055
,
1119
matrix of civilization,
30
–1
pottery,
36
,
41
Mesopotamian settlements,
49
–51
Egyptian settlements,
67
in China,
133
neo-Platonism,
251
Nero (37–68), Roman emperor (54–68),
216
,
270
,
271
Nestorians
Christian heretics,
309
,
319
among Mongols,
379
,
382
,
383
in China,
459
Netherlands
shipping,
556
,
664
commercial interests,
558
,
564
Dutch revolt from Spain,
583
–4,
603
–4
commercial imperialism,
605
,
635
–7,
638
,
648
,
659
,
859
,
985
–6
in N. America,
651
Anglo-Dutch wars,
659
–60,
661
–2
slave trading,
668
World War II and,
958
,
964
Nevsky, Alexander (1200–63), grand duke of Novgorod,
528
New Testament
Gospel record of Jesus,
265
–6
Acts of the Apostles,
270
Erasmus and,
575
Newton, Sir Isaac (1642–1727), British natural philosopher,
684
–5,
686
,
690
–1,
947
,
1014
New York,
631
New Youth
, Chinese revolutionary journal,
917
,
921
New Zealand
discovered by Europeans,
673
expansion of food production,
708
,
810
Maoris,
806
–7,
811
self-government,
806
–7
foreign policy,
1064
economy,
1117