Read The New Penguin History of the World Online
Authors: J. M. Roberts,Odd Arne Westad
see also
Byzantine empire
Romulus and Remus, legendary founders of Rome,
227
Roöntgen, Wilhelm (1845–1923), German physicist,
1013
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1882–1945), US president
‘New Deal’,
949
–50
World War II and,
949
–50,
960
,
965
,
967
Russians and,
973
Asian policies,
981
–2
use of radio,
1039
Roosevelt, Theodore (1858–1919), US president,
829
Rosetta stone,
78
Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712–78), Swiss philosopher,
693
–4
Roxana (d. 311
BC
), wife of Alexander the Great,
217
Rurik (d. 879), prince of Russia,
365
,
366
Russia,
Russians origins
365
(i) Kiev Russia: rise,
365
–7; conversion to Orthodoxy,
368
; links with W.,
368
–9; Kiev supremacy wanes,
369
–70,
371
; Mongol attacks,
378
,
527
; dismemberment of Persia,
392
; rivalry with China,
462
–3,
615
emergence of state,
528
–30,
613
–21
modernization of state,
594
,
619
,
620
–5,
765
–6
territorial gains,
619
,
813
–14
abolition of serfdom,
707
,
765
–6 grain trade,
708
and Eastern Question,
750
,
754
–5,
765
19th cent. revolutionary tradition,
762
authoritarian bureaucracy,
762
–4,
884
and Japan,
848
1905 revolutions,
866
economy,
883
–4,
907
–8,
912
foreign policy,
887
,
888
,
890
,
892
,
893
Bolshevik revolution (October),
896
–908,
921
former allies and,
902
–3
civil wars,
907
Asian policies,
915
,
924
,
926
,
927
Turkey and,
937
–8,
942
Persia and,
943
foreign policies,
949
,
956
–7
internal crisis,
951
–2
World War II and,
959
–60,
961
,
963
,
965
–6,
967
,
985
(ii) post-1945: UNO and,
974
–5; strength of,
970
; domestic policies,
972
,
1095
–6; E. European policies,
973
–4,
975
,
976
,
1041
,
1043
,
1093
–4,
1106
,
1036
,
1138
–9; in Middle East,
974
,
988
–9,
1068
,
1071
,
1121
; Cold War and,
976
–7; space exploration,
1018
–21,
1097
; China and,
1054
,
1055
–7,
1106
; economy,
1096
–7,
1134
,
1140
,
1163
,
1164
,
1165
,
1166
; in balance of power,
1097
,
1127
; African policies,
1121
; in Afghanistan,
1126
,
1130
,
1135
,
1140
; and arms control,
1129
,
1134
,
1135
–6; end of USSR,
1140
–3,
1145
–6; Russian Republic,
1141
,
1163
–6; and Chechnya,
1164
,
1165
Rutherford, Ernest, baron (1871–1937), New Zealand scientist,
1013
,
1014
Saddam Hussein (1937–2006), Iraqi politician,
1038
,
1131
–3,
1170
,
1175
–6
Safavid dynasty in Persia,
390
–2
Sahara
animal husbandry,
149
–50
racial groups,
149
–50
French and,
824
St Peter, Rome, church of,
576
St Petersburg, tsarist capital,
619
,
620
,
623
,
713
Saint-Simon, Claude de (1760–1825), French social scientist,
759
St Sophia, Constantinople, church of
308
,
358
,
365
Sakhalin,
1063
Saladin, Yusuf ibn-Ayyub (1138–93), ruler of Egypt and Syria (1174–93),
339
,
361
chivalrous repute,
376
triumph over crusaders,
376
,
526
salt, from Africa,
479
Salvation Army,
714
Samaria,
114
Samoa, naval base at,
828
Samuel, Hebrew prophet,
112
,
114
samurai
,
472
,
473
–5,
476
,
841
,
842
,
844
,
846
Saqqara,
73
Sarajevo
1151
assassination at,
892
Sardinia
growth,
607
,
742
,
747
leader of Italian unity,
755
Sargon I (
c.
2400–
c.
2350
BC
), king of Akkad and Sumer,
58
–9,
120
Sargon II, king of Assyria (721–705
BC
),
116
Sassanid dynasty in Persia
pressure on Rome,
280
basis of power,
317
–19
aggression under Chosroes II,
320
fall,
320
–1,
330
Satsuma rebellion,
846
Saudi Arabia
kingdom established,
940
oil and,
1070
Gulf War and,
1133
Saul (d.
c.
1010
BC
), king of Israel,
112
Savonarola, Girolamo (1452–98), Italian reformer,
502
Savoy
dynasty,
607
duchy, lost,
755
Saxons
see
England; Germanic peoples
Scandinavia
see
Norsemen; individual areas
Schroödinger, Erwin (1887–1961), Austrian physicist,
1014
science
Greek,
201
Hellenistic,
220
–1
Arabic,
339
transmitted to W.,
538
introduced to Russia,
620
medieval weaknesses,
679
–80
attitudes to,
679
–86
modern impact,
876
–82,
1003
,
1011
–17,
1183
–6
distrust of,
1023
–6
see also
chemistry; physics; technology
Scotland
Norsemen and,
407
backward,
567
wars with England,
586
,
605
union with England (1707),
607
intellectual flowering,
691
scripts
cuneiform types,
52
,
55
,
63
,
64
Egyptian hieroglyphic,
77
Phoenician alphabet,
93
,
104
,
163
,
171
Minoan,
99
–100
Hebrew,
112
Cyrillic,
364
,
369
Carolingian minuscule,
399
,
542
Turkish latinization,
943
see also
literacy; writing
sculpture
Egyptian,
78
,
83
Persians,
163
Greek supremacy in,
210
Hellenistic,
223
Indian classical,
430
,
431
Scythian peoples
advance to Iran,
117
,
163
hold off Persians,
185
identity and culture,
322
in Punjab,
428
Sebastopol,
753
Seleucus (
c.
325–281
BC
)
Seleucid dynasty,
218
,
224
united Hellenism and orient,
218
–20
hellenizing of Jews,
262
–3
Seljuk Turks,
374
–6
second Turkish empire,
374
–5
response to crusades,
395
–6
Serbia
Ottoman conquest of,
388
state established,
932
World War I and,
889
,
892
,
901
serfdom
in later Roman empire,
298
in feudal Europe,
420
recedes in medieval Europe,
514
,
519
,
553
in Russia,
621
–2,
625
abolished in France,
706
abolished,
707
,
765
–6
Severus, L. Septimus (146–211), Roman emperor (193–211),
256
,
277
,
279
Sforza family,
602
Shah Jahan (1592–1666), Moghul emperor of India (1627–58),
440
–2
Shakespeare, William (1564–1616), English dramatic poet,
600
,
680
Shi’ites
Iran/Iraq
1122
–3
Islamc sect,
333
,
336
,
336
,
342
,
1176
–7
Buwayhid members,
374
in Persia,
380
Safavid members,
391
Iran/Iraq,
1121
–2
Shinto, Japanese religion,
467
–8,
845
–6
shipping
sail used,
91
–2,
517
in Mediterranean,
168
Scandinavian,
406
medieval advances,
531
–2
Dutch,
558
,
663
,
665
early modern developments,
632
–3,
662
–4
increased by colonies,
655
steam-driven,
708
,
711
,
798
in war,
754
submarine warfare,
895
,
896
,
962
–3
Soviet,
1121
see also
naval power and tactics; navigation
Shriners, religious sect,
75
Siam (Thailand)
early European presence,
635
,
636
retained independence,
823
,
827
Siberia, Russian colonization of,
614
,
814
Sicily
disastrous Athenian expedition to,
190
,
196
,
225
Roman conquest of,
234
Arab conquest,
406
Sidon, Phoenician site,
104
,
105
Sierra Leone, slave refuge,
669
Sikhs
empire in N.W. India,
637
in Indian politics,
1120
silk
from China,
168
,
224
,
280
,
382
,
445
,
446