The New Penguin History of the World (243 page)

Dutch Revolt (1554–1648),
584
,
603

English Civil (1642–51),
587
–8,
589
,
590

Thirty Years’ (1614–48),
589
,
604
,
611
,
658

of Religion (1562–98),
581

Spanish Succession (1701–14),
606
–7,
609
,
661

Austrian Succession (1740–48),
626
,
661

Seven Years’ (1756–63),
640
,
657
,
662

Anglo-Dutch (1652–4, 1665–7),
659
–60,
661
–2

American Independence (1773–83),
720
–4,
734

French revolutionary (1792–1802),
733
–4

Napoleonic (1804–15),
739
–44

Crimean (1854–6),
753
–4,
765

US Civil (1861–5),
775
–9,
887

Opium (1840, 1841),
795
,
833

S. American Independence (1810–22),
800
–3

Boer (1899–1902),
807
–9

Sino-Japanese (1894–1902),
847

Java (1825),
859

First World, ‘the Great’ (1914–18),
886
–7,
892
–6,
898
–9

Second World (1939–45),
955
–67

Spanish Civil (1936–9),
955
,
956

Korean (1950–3),
1044
–5,
1064

Vietnam (1964–73),
1061
–2,
1101
–3

Arab-Israeli (1967, 1973),
1070
–1

Falkland Islands (1982),
1111
–12

Gulf (1990),
1132
–3,
1175

Second Gulf, (2003)
1176

Warsaw Pact,
1150

Washington, George (1732–99), US president,
723
,
725

foreign policy,
770
,
772

weapons

Palaeolithic,
22
,
23

Chinese,
446
,
458

‘Greek fire’,
351
,
353

guns and gunpowder,
388
,
458
,
464
,
474

warships,
609
,
662
–3

19th cent. European superiority,
793

and modern technology,
874

in World War I,
893
–4

nuclear,
962
,
971
,
1012
,
1045
,
1129

bombs in World War II,
965

restrictions on tests and numbers,
1095
,
1137

in balance of power,
1125

see also
chariot; military techniques

weights and measures

standardized in India,
122

in China,
448

metric systems,
736
,
743

Weimar Republic
see
Germany

West Indies

West Indians, discovery by Europeans,
533
,
641
,
643

colonial economy,
642
–4,
647
–9

English acquisitions in,
660
,
662
,
800

USA,
1083
,
1098

population growth,
1088

wheel,
44
,
58

Wilhelm II (1854–1941), emperor of

Germany (1888–1918),
873
–4

William I (1027–87), duke of Normandy and king of England (1066–87),
506
,
523

William III (1650–1702), king of England (1689–1702),
591
,
606
,
661

William of Roebuck (13th cent.), Franciscan friar,
382

William ‘the Silent’ (1533–84), prince of Orange (1544–84),
585
,
603

Willibrod, St (658–739), Anglo-Saxon missionary,
414

Wilson, T. Woodrow (1856–1924), US president

and Versailles settlement,
899
,
904
,
904

and League of Nations,
902

and Ottoman empire,
939

wine
see
alcohol

Woden, Norse god,
365

women

role of, human sexual specialization,
11
–12,
17
,
27

Sumerian,
56
–7

Egyptian,
81
–2

subordinated in Greece,
193
–4

under Islam,
343

Hindu subordination,
432

Chinese disregard for,
455
–6

medieval European,
522
–3

early modern European,
568
–9

in professions,
754

equality,
836

emancipation by technology,
869
–70

franchise and,
869
,
871

Turkish emancipation,
944

Indian attitudes,
998
–9

advances in equality,
1032
–4

wool

in Crete,
96

speciality of Miletus,
192

English,
561

World Bank,
1039

World Economic Conference (1933),
945

World Trade Center attack,
1131
,
1173
–4,
1175
,
1178

World Trade Organization,
1173

writing

earliest forms,
51

in Sumer,
51
–2

in Babylon,
63

in Egypt,
68
,
78
–9

spread of,
93
,
178

Harappan,
122

in ancient China,
140
–1

in Americas,
152
–3

in Persia,
163

in Greece,
171

Turkish,
373
,
381

see also
literacy; scripts

Wyclif, John (
c.
1320–84), English Church reformer,
501
–2

Xenophon (
c.
430–
c.
354), Greek solider and historian,
212

Ximenes, Francisco (1437–1517), Spanish cardinal,
576

X-rays,
1013

Yahweh

Temple of,
113

Hebrew god,
110
–11,
112

Yeltsin, Boris (1931–2007), Russian politician,
1145
,
1163
–5

yoga
,
131

Young Turk movement,
934
–6

Yü an Shih-kai (1859–1916), Chinese

dictator,
840
,
917
,
919

Yueh-Chih people,
323

Yugoslavia

emergence of state,
901

World War II and,
960

communist state,
970
,
974

Russian hostility,
1093

dissolution,
1143
–5,
1156

civil war in
1151

Zen Buddhism in Japan,
472

Zeno (
c.
340–265
BC
), Greek founder of Stoicism,
222
–3

Zeus, Greek god,
99

Zhao-Ziyang (1919–2005), Chinese politician,
1148

Ziggurats,
54

Zimbabwe,
481
–2

state of,
1078

Zionism

Congress,
937

Balfour Declaration,
939

World Zionist Congress,
988

Russian attitude,
988
–9

US attitude,
989

see also
Israel; Jews; Palestine

Zoroastrianism,
163
–4,
273
,
280
,
318
,
319
,
324

Zulu peoples,
808
,
811
,
825

Table of Contents

About the Author

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

List of Maps

Preface to Fifth Edition

The New Penguin History of The World

BOOK ONE

1 The Foundations

2 Homo Sapiens

3 The Possibility of Civilization

BOOK TWO

1 Early Civilized Life

2 Ancient Mesopotamia

3 Ancient Egypt

4 Intruders and Invaders: The Dark Ages of the Ancient Near East

5 The Beginnings of Civilization in Eastern Asia

6 The Other Worlds of the Ancient Past

7 The End of the Old World

BOOK THREE

1 The Roots of One World

2 The Greeks

3 Greek Civilization

4 The Hellenistic World

5 Rome

6 The Roman Achievement

7 Jewry and the Coming of Christianity

8 The Waning of the Classical West

9 The Elements of a Future

BOOK FOUR

1 Islam and the Remaking of the Near East

2 The Arab Empires

3 Byzantium and Its Sphere