The New Penguin History of the World (242 page)

administrative techniques,
572
–3,
580
,
600

rejection of Papacy,
580

rebellions against,
590

see also
individual rulers

Tunisia,
1067

Turkey

Ottoman power
see
Ottoman empire

Turks, first empire,
324
,
373
–5

pressure in Asia Minor,
374

tribal movements,
372
–3

contacts with East,
374

Seljuk power,
374
–7

Versailles settlement and,
899

nationalist rebellion,
934
–6

Kemalist modernization,
942
–3

Russians on borders,
971

US aid to,
975

US missiles withdrawn,
1095

and European Union,
1157

Tutankhamon, king of Egypt (1360–1350
BC
),
85

Tyre

Phoenician site,
104
,
105
,
113

destroyed by Alexander,
216

Uganda,
824

Ulster
see
Ireland

Umayyad caliphate,
329
–31,
333
–6

art and architecture under,
340
,
383

in Spain,
341
,
398

United Arab Republic, formed,
1069

United Kingdom

(i) 1707–1900: formed (1707),
607
; in India,
637
–41; commercial orientation of foreign policy,
661
–2; seapower of,
662
–4; slave trading,
662
,
668
; Enlightenment thinkers,
690
–1; America and,
720
–5,
768
–71,
781
; agricultural revolution,
705
–6; industrial growth,
711
–13; wars with France,
739
–40; Eastern Question and,
753
–4; political democratization,
781
–3; social legislation,
784
; nonrevolutionary politics,
784
–6,
871
; Irish problem,
787
–8,
872
–3; 19th cent. centre of world economy,
794
–5; imperial policies,
805
–7,
814
–15,
849
–54; Boers and,
807
–10; Japan and,
848
,
890

(ii) 1900–1945: European policies,
885
,
890
–1,
950
; World War I and,
892
–6,
898
; Versailles settlement and,
902
; Asian policies,
915
,
919
,
925
,
927
,
930
; India,
927
; Middle East and,
934
,
936
–41; domestic reforms,
952
; World War II and,
955
–61,
962
–7

(iii) post-1945: UNO and,
968
; European policies,
973
–4,
1154
,
1157
; India and,
975
,
979
–82; in Near and Middle East,
975
,
897
–90; USA and,
975
; S.E. Asia and,
987
; and Suez crisis,
1067
–9; Rhodesia and,
1078
; EEC and,
1108
,
1109
,
1112
; economy,
1107
–8,
1110
; Irish problem,
1110
; Falklands War,
1111
–12

United Nations Organization

importance,
968
–9,
977

constitution,
969

use of veto,
969
,
974
–5 anti-colonialism in,
985
mediation of,
990

Israel and,
1071

PLO and,
1071

S. Africa and,
1071
,
1078
,
1079

Hungary and,
1093

and Gulf War,
1133

Declaration of Human Rights,
1181

Framework Convention on Climate Change,
1026

and Second Gulf War,
1176

United Provinces,
447
,
585
–6,
667

United States of America

expansion of food production,
708

slavery and abolition in,
707
–8,
766
,
772
–9,
791

industrialization,
711
–12

independence sought and gained,
721
–4,
735

constitution,
724
–9,
772
,
775

compared with UK,
768
–71,
781

foreign and imperialist policy,
768
–74,
804
–5,
827
–9

territorial expansion,
771
–2,
780
–1,
827
–9

economic growth,
772
,
780
,
794
,
795
,
828

population growth,
771
,
772
,
780
–1

democratization of politics,
774
,
778
,
780

North against South (Civil War),
775
–9

party growth,
780

immigration,
797
,
886

(i) 1900–45: economy,
885
–6,
894
,
912
–13,
915
; Europe and,
887
,
894
,
913
,
945
; investment in Europe,
913
; Asian policies,
919
,
925
,
930
; Middle Eastern policies,
938
–9; ‘New Deal’,
949
–50; World War II and,
960
–4,
966
–7

(ii) post-1945: in UNO,
968
–70; sources of strength,
971
–2,
1098
; in Middle East,
975
–6,
889
,
1068
; Cold War and,
975
; Asian policies,
976
–7,
981
–2,
985
; economy,
1096
,
1098
; space exploration and,
1018
–21; and Korean War,
1044
–5; and Israel,
1069
,
1130
,
1134
,
1169
–70; S. American policies,
1081
–6; in balance of power,
1092
,
1097
,
1127
,
1129
,
1135
; Negro question,
1099
–1101,
1166
–7; and Vietnam war,
1110
–3,
1104
; and Iran,
1122
,
1125
,
1126
–7; and Gulf War
1132
; political patterns,
1135
,
1167
–8; foreign policies,
1168
–9,
1172
–3,
1175
; and terrorism,
1170
–1; policy in the Gulf
1170
; and China,
1171
–2; and World Trade Center attack,
1173
–4; refusal to sign Kyoto agreement,
1026
; role,
1169

see also
American Revolution

universities

Plato’s Academy,
204
,
220

medieval foundations,
497
,
536

clerical emphasis in,
675
–6

Indian,
817

in Vietnam,
858

science departments,
879

in China,
1058

see also
Cambridge; Oxford

Upanishads
, Indian texts,
130
,
131

Ur,
53
–4,
57
,
59
–60,
61
,
62

home of Abraham,
109

Urban II, pope (1088–99),
494

urbanization

origins,
44
,
50

new scale of Roman,
251
,
254

decline in times of economic weakness,
279
,
292
,
417

European towns grow,
514
–15,
520
,
552
–3,
556

industrial concomitant,
712
–14

social effects of,
712
–14,
866

see also
cities

Uruguay, expansion of food production in,
708

Uruk,
51
,
53
–4

USSR (Union of Socialist Soviet Republics)

see
Russia

Valens (
c.
328–78), Roman emperor (364–78),
292

Valerian, Roman emperor (253–60),
280
,
285

Valois dynasty in France,
599
–600

Varangians, Norsemen in E.,
365
–7

Varuna, Aryan god,
124

Vedanta,
432

vegetables

potatoes,
152
,
442
,
488

pulses in Europe,
513

in Europe,
554
,
665

Venezuela

blockade of,
804

dictatorship in,
1082

Venice,
384
,
405
–6

Venetians, commercial empire of,
359
–60,
386
,
511

banking in,
515

small scale of,
517

capture Constantinople,
526

diplomacy of,
598
,
658

Turks and,
603
,
609
–10

end of republic,
742
,
747

Versailles

palace of,
593
,
605
–6,
756

treaty of
see
treaties

Vesalius, Andreas (1514–64), Belgian anatomist,
680
,
683

Vespasian, T. Flavius (9–79), Roman emperor (69–79),
247

Vespucci, Amerigo (1454–1512), Italian navigator,
534

Victoria (1819–1901), queen of UK (1837–1901), empress of India (1876–1901),
784
,
786
–7,
849

on Boer War,
809

and medicine,
880
–1

Vienna

Turkish sieges,
389
,
610
,
611

growth of,
713

revolution in,
751

treaty of
see
treaties

Viet Cong,
1062

Vietnam

Chinese invasions,
459

French in,
857
–8,
927
republic formed,
986
partition and war,
1061
–3

US policy and,
1062
,
1101
–3,
1104

and China,
1104
,
1115
–6

economy
1161

Vikings
see
Norsemen

Virgil, P. Virglius, Masrco (70–19
BC
),

Roman poet,
250

and Dante,
539

Vishnu, Hindu god,
129
,
426
,
432

Vladimir (
c.
956–1015), Christian prince of

Russia (980–1015),
367
–8

Vladivostok,
764
,
814
,
848

trans-Siberian railway to,
928

Voltaire (Franç ois Marie Arouet) (1694–1778),

French writer,
428
–9,
566
,
688
,
691
–2,
693

Walesa, Lech (1943–), Polish politician,
1138
,
1142

Warring States period in China,
137
–8,
142
,
143

regional cultures evolve,
445

wars

Persian (490
BC
, 480
BC
),
185
–7

Peloponnesian (431–404
BC
),
189
–91,
207

Punic (3rd cent.
BC
),
236
,
239

Roman Civil (49–31
BC
),
241
,
245

crusades
see
separate entry

Hundred Years’ (1337–1453),
507
–8

of the Roses (1455–85),
511
,
600