Read The Rape of Europa Online
Authors: Lynn H. Nicholas
Tags: #History, #Military, #World War II, #Art, #General
13.
NA, RG 239/77, OSS Special Report on the Firm of Wildenstein, Cooper, September 20, 1945, p. 1.; UST/FFC, Report NY 8–943, RG 131, Butler to Pehle, October 9, 1941.
14.
See OSS Cooper Report. September 20, 1945, and UST/FFC, Report NY 8–943.
15.
NA, RG 239/84, DIR Haberstock.
16.
Assouline,
An Artful Life
, p. 282.
17.
UST/FFC, RG 131/719, intercept, Wildenstein to Dequoy, April 2, 1941.
18.
ANF, RG AJ38, Inventory of Records of Commissariat Général aux Questions Juives. The records themselves are sequestered, but the inventory and its introduction are informative.
19.
Assouline, op. cit, pp. 283–84.
20.
NA, RG 260/412, Kunstschutz Reports, May 15, 1941.
21.
ANF, RG AJ40/614, Dossier Wildenstein.
22.
Cooper Report, Attachment B.
23.
UST/FFC files, various intercepts.
24.
Ibid. Also NA, RG 260/82, British Economic Advisory Branch Report, March 7, 1943.
25.
NA, RG 239/14, Dinsmoor to Cairns, December 11, 1943.
26.
NA, RG 239/7, Censorship intercept.
27.
Art Digest
, January 15, 1941, p. 2;
Art News
, September 1941, p. 26.
28.
NA, RG 239/7, UST/FFC, Report NY 8–2818, January 18, 1944.
29.
Ibid., N.Y. Art Market File.
30.
NA, RG 239/84, DIR Rochlitz.
31.
CIR Goering, Attachment 1, Hofer to Goering, September 26, 1941.
32.
NA, RG 239/84, DIR Hofer, pp. 5–6.
33.
Getty Center, Cooper Papers, Hofer to Goering, July 18, 1941.
34.
Following based on Cooper Papers, Reports on Looted Works in Switzerland, January 21, 1945; and NA, RG 239/37, March 22, 1945.
35.
NA, RG 239/39, Safehaven Report 225, von Hirsch to unidentified recipient, August 24, 1942.
36.
NA, RG 260/188, Rosenberg to Hitler, April 16, 1943. Nuremberg Document 015-PS.
37.
Valland,
Le Front de l’art
, pp. 180–81.
38.
Getty Center, Arntz Archive, list and letter, Valland, December 10, 1962.
39.
NA, RG 239/84, DIR Voss.
40.
NA, RG 239/79, DGER Report on Schloss collection, undated; CIR Linz, pp. 29–34; DIR Lohse; Valland, op. cit.,
chap. 13
; NA, RG 260/405, Haberstock correspondence.
41.
CIR Linz, Attachment 35a.
42.
Venema,
Kunsthandel in Nederland
, p. 153.
43.
G. Heller,
Un Allemand à Paris
(Paris, 1981), p. 189.
44.
E. Jünger,
Journal
(Paris, 1951), various.
45.
Heller, op. cit., pp. 62–63.
46.
NA, RG 260/410, “The Gould Case,” Report of Chief of Military Administration for Northwest France, July 27, 1943.
47.
P. Audiat,
Paris pendant la guerre
(Paris, 1946), p. 29.
48.
Bizardel,
Sous l’Occupation
, pp. 58–60.
49.
Ibid., p. 65; Dorléac,
Histoire de l’art
, pp. 51, 118.
50.
Bizardel, op. cit., pp. 71–77.
51.
Dorléac, op. cit., pp. 121–23.
52.
Bizardel, op. cit., pp. 147–49.
53.
Ibid., p. 92.
54.
Jünger, op. cit., p. 186.
55.
Cited in Dorléac, op. cit., p. 94.
56.
Ibid., pp. 93, 420.
57.
Ibid., pp. 29, 54.
58.
J. Flanner,
Men and Monuments
(New York, 1957), p. 163.
59.
Barr,
Matisse
, pp. 562–63.
60.
Bizardel, op. cit., pp. 123–24.
VII. PLUS ÇA CHANGE
1.
Shirer,
Third Reich
, p. 830.
2.
Himmler speech, July 13, 1941, cited in R. Breitman,
Architect of Genocide
, p. 177.
3.
Ibid., p. 283.
4.
Rorimer Papers, New York, Rosenberg to Reichskommissar of Kovno, August 20, 1941.
5.
Shirer, op. cit., p. 853.
6.
Account based on S. P. Varshavskii,
Saved for Humanity
(Leningrad, 1985), and H. Salisbury,
The 900 Days
(New York, 1969).
7.
A. Hitler,
Monologe im Führer Hauptquartier, 1941–1944
, ed. W. Jochman and H. Heim (Hamburg, 1980), August 6, 1942, p. 330, and July 11 and 12, 1941, p. 40.
8.
Account based on S. Massie’s excellent
Pavlovsk: The Life of a Russian Palace
(Boston, 1990), chap. 11.
9.
Deutsche Zeitung in den Niederlanden
, July 15, 1943, p. 5.
10.
Leonard Papers, Washington, D.C., Lehmann-Haupt, “Cultural Looting of the Ahnenerbe,” Document 279a.
11.
Ibid., Documents 224, 251, 286.
12.
NA, RG 260/428, Keitel to Lorey, September 3, 1941.
13.
NA, RG 260/185, Kube to Rosenberg, September 29, 1941, Nuremberg Document 1099-PS.
14.
See Massie, op. cit., chap. 13.
15.
Account of Hermitage events based on Varshavskii, op. cit.
16.
Ahnenerbe Document 271. April 8, 1943.
17.
NA, RG 260/185, Führererlass, March 1, 1942.
18.
Ahnenerbe Documents 225–27; and Kater,
Das Ahnenerbe der SS
, p. 155.
19.
Monologe
, op. cit., p. 39.
20.
Ahnenerbe Document 295.
21.
NA, RG 260/438, Bender File.
22.
L. Lochner, ed.,
The Goebbels Diaries 1942–43
(New York, 1948), April 20, 1943, p. 338.
23.
NA, RG 260/412, Generalkommando von Förster, July 19, 1943.
24.
Pester Lloyd Abendblatt
, May 20, 1943.
25.
Kolnische Zeitung
, April 4, 1942.
26.
Ahnenerbe Documents 273 and 275. Also NA, RG 260/185, Utikal Reports October 21 and 26, 1943, Nuremberg Document 035-PS.
27.
The Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal
, vol. 7, p. 97. USSR Document 376, Utikal Directive August 23, 1944.
28.
New York Herald Tribune
, February 17, 1944.
29.
NA, RG 239/19, OSS R&A Report 2555, September 20, 1944.
VIII. INCH BY INCH
1.
The Protection of Cultural Resources Against the Hazards of War
(Washington, D.C., February 1942), p. iii.
2.
NGA, Archives, RG 17a, Evacuation File.
3.
C. Tomkins,
Merchants and Masterpieces
(New York, 1973), p. 283.
4.
AAA, Constable Papers, Constable to “M.B.”, June 15, 1941.
5.
Washington Post
, December 17, 1941.
6.
NGA, Library, “Minutes of a Special Meeting of the Association of Museum Directors on the Problems of Protection and Defense Held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, December 20 and 21, 1941.”
7.
AAA, Barr Papers, Barr to Bliss, October 19, 1942.
8.
G. Stout, “Preservation of Paintings in Wartime,”
Technical Studies
, January 1942.
9.
NGA, Archives, Evacuation File.
10.
Ibid.
11.
“U.S. Museums,”
Art News
, January 1—14, 1942.
12.
NA, RG 239/54, American Defense Harvard, Final Report.
13.
Constable Papers, Constable to Leland, September 25, 1942.
14.
NA, RG 239/53, Taylor to Sachs, December 4, 1942.
15.
Ibid., Taylor memo for submission to the President, November 24, 1942.
16.
NGA, Archives, RG 17a-WWII, Proposal Regarding Protection of European Monuments.
17.
NA, RG 239/53, Stone to FDR, December 8, 1942.
18.
For exhaustive and surprisingly fascinating detail on this issue see H. L. Coles and A. K. Weinberg,
Civil Affairs: Soldiers Become Governors
(Washington, D.C., 1964).
19.
Ibid., p. 3.
20.
Constable Papers, Clark to Constable, February 25, 1943.
21.
Ibid., Maclagan to Constable, February 26, 1943.
22.
NA, RG 239/19, SD Bulletin, January 9, 1943.
23.
See C. L. Woolley, A
Record of the Work Done by the Military Authorities for the Protection of the Treasures of Art and History in War Areas
(London, 1947).
24.
Ibid., p. 8.
25.
Constable Papers, Shoemaker to Perry, March 10, 1943.
26.
Ibid., Shoemaker to Perry, April 3, 1943.
27.
Ibid., Constable to Stout, April 10, 1943.
28.
Ibid., Shoemaker to Constable, April 19, 1943.
29.
NA, RG 165/463, CAD Records, Haskell memo for Bundy, March 26, 1943.
30.
Ibid., correspondence and memos, April 1943.
31.
Constable Papers, Shoemaker to Perry, May 14, 1943.
32.
Ibid., Stout to Constable, May 26, 1943.
33.
Ibid., Sachs to various, June 17, 1943.
34.
NA, RG 239/53, memo on Protection Project, May 30, 1943.
35.
NA, RG 239/12, Hull to FDR, June 21, 1943.
36.
NA, RG 165/463, CAD correspondence, July 1–6 and 27, 1943.
37.
NA, RG 239/27, Hammond, “Report on Work in Italy,” undated.
38.
E. Pyle,
Brave Men
(New York, 1944), p. 18.
39.
T. Sizer, “A Walpolean at War,”
The Walpole Society Notebook
, 1946, p. 68.
40.
NA, RG 165/463, Hammond to Reber, July 24, 1943.
41.
NA, RG 239/47, cable, Lang to Calhoun, July 7, 1944.
42.
New York Herald Tribune
, August 10, 1943.
43.
NA, RG 239/56, Events in Sicily from various field reports filed by Hammond and Maxse.
IX. THE RED-HOT RAKE
1.
Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, pp. 307–308.
2.
See B. Molajoli,
Musei ed opere d’arte di Napoli attraverso la guerra
(Naples, 1948).
3.
Berliner Boersen Zeitung
, August 12, 1943, p. 2.
4.
NA, RG 239/24, Filangeri, “Report on Destruction,” September 30, 1943.
5.
H. C. Butcher,
My Three Years with Eisenhower
(New York, 1946), p. 434.
6.
Molajoli, op. cit., p. 47.
7.
Hammond, “Report on Work in Italy,” p. 18.
8.
NA, RG 239/13, Finley-McCloy correspondence.
9.
Daily Telegram
, July 21, 1943.
10.
The New York Times
, September 11, 1943.
11.
NA, RG 239/13, Finley to McCloy, October 2, 1943.
12.
NA, RG 239/18, Apostolic Delegate to Cairns, May 4, 1943.
13.
NA, RG 239/51, McCloy to Finley, undated.
14.
Coles and Weinberg,
Civil Affairs
, pp. 216–14.
15.
Butcher, op. cit., p. 460.
16.
Woolley,
Record
, pp. 23–24.
17.
NA, RG 239/58, Guidebook to The Royal Palace, Naples.