The Rational Animal: How Evolution Made Us Smarter Than We Think (35 page)

For the study on testosterone, see Dabbs and Morris (1990).

For the studies on violence, homicide, and “trivial altercations,” see Daly and Wilson (1988) and Wilson and Daly (1985).

For average ages of becoming a first-time parent, see Griskevicius et al.
(2011).

For the hockey and aggression study, see Palmer (1993).

For testosterone dropping after marriage and the birth of a child, see Gettler et al.
(2011) and Gettler, McDade, and Kuzawa (2011).

The Age of Entrepreneurism

For the testosterone and investing study, see Coates and Herbert (2008).

For testosterone injections in New York, see Abraham (2012).

For entrepreneurs peaking by age twenty-five, see Arrington (2011).

For the mergers and acquisitions study, see Levi, Li, and Zhang (2010).

For the testosterone and negotiation study, see Burnham (2007).

For the successful entrepreneurs study, see Wadhwa et al.
(2009).

Fast Versus Slow Strategies

For the original marshmallow study, see Mischel, Ebbesen, and Zeiss (1972).

For the relationship between the marshmallow study and later behavior, see Shoda, Mischel, and Peake (1990).

High Risk, No Reward

For more on Ray Otero, see Feuer (2008).

For more on the New York State Lottery, see DiNapoli (2008).

Fast and Slow People

For more on fast and slow life history strategies, see Griskevicius et al.
(2013), Nettle (2010), and Figueredo et al.
(2009).

For reproductive timing statistics, see Mathews and Hamilton (2005).

Raised to Run

For the influence of childhood environment on life history strategies, see Ellis et al.
(2009), Belsky, Steinberg, and Draper (1991), and Del Giudice (2009).

For the study of local mortality levels in 170 countries, see Low et al.
(2008).

For the Chicago neighborhood study, see Wilson and Daly (1997).

For the study of violent crime in the United States, see Griskevicius et al.
(2011).

For the effect of childhood environment on the timing of puberty and menstruation, see Belsky, Houts, and Fearon (2010) and Ellis (2004).

For influence of the first five years of life, see Simpson et al.
(2012).

For the marshmallow and unpredictable environment study, see Kidd, Palmen, and Aslin (2013).

Win, Crash, or Burn

For the very informal rock star study, see Dial the Truth Ministries, “Premature Death of Rock Stars.”
Note that this is not a scientific study and likely underestimates how long rock stars live.

For monkey studies, see Rosenblum et al.
(2001) and Andrews and Rosenblum (1991).

For studies on how stress influences life history strategies, see White et al.
(forthcoming) and Griskevicius et al.
(2011a, 2011b, 2013).

Off to the Races

For more on Ray Otero, see Feuer (2008).

CHAPTER 7: GOLD PORSCHES AND GREEN PEACOCKS

For the gold Porsche, see Russia (2008).

For
The Theory of the Leisure Class
, see Veblen (1899).

For more about “grillz,” see Nelly’s 2006 song of the same name.

Why Do We Throw Money Away?

For more on conspicuous consumption across cultures and time, see Bird and Smith (2005), Godoy et al.
(2007), Sundie et al.
(2011), and Veblen (1899).

For more about an economic take on conspicuous consumption, see De Fraja (2009).

Are We Out of Touch with the Causes of Our Own Behavior?

For more on how people don’t know the reasons for their decisions, see Nisbett and Wilson (1977).

For the “Why People Really Buy Hybrids” study, see Klein (2007).

For the “going green to be seen” study, see Griskevicius, Tybur, and Van den Bergh (2010).

For the automobile culture quote, see Schneider (2004).

For more on the Sextons’ work, see Dubner (2011).

For more on who’s getting the first Fisker Karma, see Autoblog (2011).

For more on
Consumer Reports
and the Fisker Karma, see O’Toole (2012).

Multiple Explanations for the Same Behavior

For the scientific origins of proximate and ultimate explanations in biology, see Tinbergen (1963).

For a more detailed discussion of proximate and ultimate explanations in humans, see Kenrick, Griskevicius, et al.
(2010) and Alcock (2013).

Bower Power

For more on bowerbird displays, see Borgia (1985) and Miller (2000).

Flashing the Cash

For more on the study of women’s influence on young men, see Roney (2003).

For the study of how mate-acquisition motives influence conspicuous consumption, see Griskevicius et al.
(2007).

Peacocks, Porsches, and Papas

For the personality test, see Simpson and Gangestad (1991).
For a fuller discussion of the concept, see Gangestad and Simpson (2000).

For the study of conspicuous consumption in peacock-like men, see Sundie et al.
(2011).

For the conspicuous consumption and testosterone study, see Saad and Vongas (2009).

The Ultimate Driver of Behavior

To find the German Porsche ad, see YouTube, “Hot Girl Flashes Porsche 911.”

For more on evolution and consumer behavior, see Miller (2009) and Saad (2007, 2011).

CHAPTER 8: SEXUAL ECONOMICS: HIS AND HERS

For more on the Eliot Spitzer scandal, see Wikipedia, “Eliot Spitzer Prostitution Scandal.”

For more on the Emperor’s Club escorts, see
Huffington Post
(2008).

For more on the prices for brides, see Beaumont (2007) and Tertilt (2005).

Why Do Men Pay So Much for the Company of a Woman?

For more on bride price, see Anderson (2007).

For more on the principle of minimum parental investment, see Trivers (1972).

For the sexual-economics study, see Baumeister and Vohs (2004).

For the study of men’s and women’s minimum standards for mates and dates, see Kenrick et al.
(1990, 1993).

For men’s lower standards for women for sex across cultures, see Schmitt (2005) and Schmitt et al.
(2003).

For the “Would you go to bed with me?”
study, see Clark and Hatfield (1989).

I Love You . . . Sort Of

For the “I love you” study, see Ackerman, Griskevicius, and Li (2011).

Are Men Completely Nondiscriminating?

For
Bringing Down the House
, see Mezrich (2002).

For age preferences in mates across cultures, see Kenrick and Keefe (1992).

For teenagers’ age preferences in mates, see Kenrick et al.
(1996).

Designing a Mate: Hers Versus His

For the “design a mate” study, see Li et al.
(2002).

For more on gender differences and similarities in mate preferences, see Buss (1989) and Li and Kenrick (2006).

Why Do Women Sometimes Pay for Men?

For more on dowry and bride price, see Randeria and Visaria (1984), Anderson (2007), and Rajamaran (1983).

Swinging Singles: The Mate-Acquisition Game

For more on men’s and women’s singles ads, see Kenrick and Keefe (1992), Rajecki, Bledsoe, and Rasmussen (1991), Wiederman (1993), and Baize and Schroeder (1995).

For the studies of different causes of mortality, see Kenrick and Gomez-Jacinto (2013).

For more on how men behave when mate-acquisition motives are activated, see Baker and Maner (2008), Griskevicius et al.
(2006a, 2006b, 2007, 2009), Iredale, Van Vugt, and Dunbar (2008), Wilson and Daly (2004), and Van der Bergh, Dewitte, and Warlop (2008).

All the Single Ladies

For how mate acquisition leads women to become agreeable, see Griskevicius, Goldstein et al.
(2006).

For the tipping study, see Griskevicius et al.
(2007).

For the study on women taking risks to look beautiful, see Hill and Durante (2011).

For the study on how beauty for women is a necessity, see Hill et al.
(2012).

Wedding Bonds: The Mate-Retention Game

For the study on men’s high standards for marriage partners, see Kenrick et al.
(1990).

Jealousy: His and Hers

For the research on sex differences in jealousy, see Buss et al.
(1999) and Sagarin (2005).

For cross-cultural replication, see Buunk et al.
(1996), Buss et al.
(1999), and Wiederman and Kendall (1999).

Sexual Supply and Demand

For the Georgia statistics and for how sex ratio influences men’s spending, see Griskevicius et al.
(2012).

For
Too Many Women?
, see Guttentag and Secord (1983).

For more on sex ratio in different countries, see Hesketh (2009), Francis (2011), Belanger and Tran (2011), and Hudson and den Boar (2005).

For more on sex ratio and women’s behavior, see Durante, Griskevicius, Cantu, et al.
(2012).

CHAPTER 9: DEEP RATIONALITY PARASITES

For more about cuckoos and reed warblers, see Davies and Brooke (1988) and Alcock (2013).

For more about Bernie Madoff, see Kirtzman (2009).

The Exploitation Continuum

For more information about the distinct forms of mutualism and parasitism between different species, see Boucher (1985), Hoeksma and Bruna (2000), and Hirsch (2004).

Getting People to Pay More and Buy More

For data on business failure from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, see Knaup (2005).

For the statistics on shoe ownership among the affluent, see
Time
(2006).

Swimming (and Spending) in Infested Waters

For a discussion of aggressive mimicry in blennies and wrasses, see Wickler (1966) and Cheney and Cote (2005).

For a discussion of scarcity and the parallels between animal parasites and humans, see Cialdini (2008).

How Much Would You Pay for a Rock?

For a discussion of Ernest Oppenheimer and De Beers, see Kanfer (1993).

A Pill with That, Sir?

For the statistics on drug prescriptions, see Schondelmeyer (2007).

For the statistics on drug deaths, see Null et al.
(2011).

For more on the fake-medicine industry, see World Health Organization, “Growing Threat from Counterfeit Medicines.”

CONCLUSION: MEMENTOS FROM OUR TOUR

Lesson 2: Rational Self-Interest Is Not in Your Self-Interest.

For the research on the effects of merely calling a strategic interaction the “Wall Street game,” see Liberman, Samuels, and Ross (2004).

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