Vikings (49 page)

Viking influences,
5
–
6
,
236
–
7

Lapps, the

see
Saami, the

Largs, Battle of,
253

Last Great Maximum Refugia,
19

Latvia,
157

Leif Eiriksson,
5
,
286
–
7
,
289
,
290
–
1

Leo III, Pope,
101

Lerwick, Shetland Islands,
7
–
9

Liber de Mensura Orbis Terrae
,
263

Liber Vitae
, Winchester Cathedral,
330

life expectancy, of Vikings,
143

Liffey River,
201
,
206

Lincoln,
236

Lindisfarne,
10
,
11
,
54
,
82
,
101
,
111
,
128
,
146
–
52
,
154
,
155
,
222
,
260

Lindisfarne Gospels,
148
–
9

Lindow Man,
67

Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture,
30

literature, Viking,
277
–
80

Ljungkvist, John,
114
,
115

Lombards, the,
100

London,
158
,
226
,
319

long ports,
202
–
3
,
205
,
206
,
213
,
223
,
230

long ships,
27
,
34
,
45
,
132

see also
dragon ships

Longphort-Rothlaibh,
204
,
205

Lord of the Isles,
251
–
3

Lothar II, King of the Franks,
205

Lough Ree, Ireland,
215

Louis the Pious, King of the Franks,
193
,
195

Lundeborg (Denmark),
91
,
113

lurs
(musical instruments),
43
–
4

Maas, John,
202
,
205

MacAlpin, Kenneth,
255

Máel Sechnaill,
207
,
213
,
216

Maes Howe, Orkney,
6
,
7
,
49
,
250

Maglemosian, the,
29

Magnus, Earl of Orkney,
252

Mälaren, Lake,
187
–
8

Malcolm III, King of Scotland,
252

Maldon, Battle of,
317

Marius, Gaius,
74

Martel, Charles,
97
,
99
,
126

Maxentius, Emperor,
92

Maximian, Emperor,
88

Mecca,
96

Mediterranean Sea,
12
,
48
,
70
–
1
,
86
,
93
,
194

Mehmet II, Sultan,
182

Mercia,
222
,
228
–
32

Merovingian dynasty,
99

Mesolithic period,
13
–
15
,
18
–
22
,
24
,
26
–
7

Michael III, Byzantine Emperor,
178

Mildenhall hoard,
104

Muawiyyah, Caliph,
98

Muhammad, Prophet,
96
–
8

Muslims, encounters with Vikings,
82

Naddodd (Nadd-Oddur),
265
,
267

Naismith, Rory,
317

narwhals,
1
,
284
–
5

National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen,
41
,
42
,
43
,
66

National Museum of Ireland,
212

navigational techniques,
2
,
136

Neanderthal people,
13
,
14

Neflaug (Viking woman),
163

Neolithic age,
29
–
32
,
49

Nestor,
Russian Primary Chronicle
,
171
,
180
,
185

Neva River,
159

Newfoundland,
287
–
8
,
288
–
9

Newgrange, Ireland,
49

Nicholas II, Patriarch of Constantinople,
176

Noirmoutier, Island of,
195

Nonnebakken (Denmark),
310

Normandy, France,
134
,
197
,
214
,
271
,
325

North America,
155
,
286
–
9
,
290

North Sea,
217
–
19

Northmen,
153
,
154
,
219

Northumbria,
10
,
111
,
156
,
222
–
3
,
224
–
5
,
234
,
260
,
313

and Christianity,
147
,
148

establishment of,
105

Norway,
319
–
20

geographical features,
23
–
4

Historia Norwegie
,
240
–
1

in the
Icelandic Sagas
,
84

Mesolithic period,
13
,
14
,
20

Nazi occupation,
218
–
19

Nøstvet culture,
28
–
9

origin of name,
23
,
155

reign of Harald Fairhair,
240
–
1

ruled by Cnut the Great,
327
,
331

seized by Harald Hardrada,
331

seized by Olaf Tryggvasson,
319
–
20

and Shetland and Orkney Islands,
218
–
19

Storegga Slide,
12
–
13

Norwegian Vikings,
155
,
219
,
221
,
238
,
249
,
267
,
317

in Ireland,
201

Nøstvet culture,
28
–
9

Novgorod (Russia),
171
,
172
,
179
,
184

Obotrites,
159

Oder, River,
157
,
159

Odin,
119
–
20
,
162
,
231
,
278

Olaf Eriksson,
320

Olaf Guthfrsson,
259
,
260
,
261

Olaf of Norway,
228

Olaf Sigtryggsson,
216
,
260

Olaf the White,
215
,
260

Olaf Tryggvasson,
291
,
317
,
318
,
320
–
1
,
322

Öland (Sweden),
24

Oldcroghan Man,
67

Oleg of Kiev, Prince,
181
,
290

Olesen, Martin,
55
–
6

Ongendus (Danish king),
127
,
298

Oram, Richard,
Viking Empires
,
75
,
78

Orkney Islands,
6
,
155
,
156
,
198
,
219
,
238
–
9
,
240
,
241
,
246
–
8
,
250
–
1

Orkneyinga
saga,
6
,
198
–
9
,
241
,
250
,
252

O’Rourke, P. J.,
200

Osberht, King of Northumbria,
225

Oscetel,
234

Oseberg Ship,
137
–
9
,
240

Oslo, Norway,
153

Viking Ship Museum,
137

Osnabrück (Germany),
76

Oswald, King,
147

Ottar (Othere),
16
,
82

Otto the Great,
304
,
328

Owain,
258

Oxford

Ashmolean Museum,
226
,
315

St Fridewide’s Church,
323

St John’s College,
322
–
3

Pallig,
322

Paris (France),
195

Pärsson, Lasse,
47

Patrick, St,
199

Paulinus,
147

Pedersen, Frederik,
Viking Empires
,
75
,
78

Pevsner, Nikolaus,
The Buildings of England
,
229

Philibert, St,
153

Phoenicians,
70

Photios, Patriarch of Contantinople,
178

physical appearance, of Vikings,
142
–
3
,
144

Picts,
102
–
3
,
104
,
105
,
210
,
234
,
239
,
240
,
241
,
248
,
254
–
6

place names,
5
–
6
,
237

Plakun (Russia),
161

Poitiers, France,
97
,
99

Poland,
157
,
158

Pomeranians,
159

Procopius of Caesarea,
History of the Wars
,
17

Proctor, G. L.,
The Vikings
,
35

Ragnar Lodbrok,
297

Ragnarok
,
278

Rathlin Island,
11
,
152
,
197

Ravning Edge bridge (Denmark),
309
–
10

Repton, Derbyshire,
228
–
33

Repton Warrior,
231
–
2

Rerik (Baltic port),
173

Res Gestae Saxonicae Sive Annalium Libri Tres
,
303

Reykjavik, Iceland,
266
,
268
,
273

Rhine, the,
75
–
6
,
78
,
158
,
194
,
197

Ribe (Denmark),
222
,
298
,
305
–
8

rickets,
245
–
6

Riurik (founder of the Rus),
172
,
175
,
181
,
185

rock carvings,
34
,
50
–
1
,
108
,
129

Rodolf/ Rothlaibh,
204
–
5
,
205

Roesdahl, Else,
85

Rollo,
197
,
214

Roman Empire,
16
–
17
,
87

clashes with Northern tribes,
73
–
8

decline of,
93
–
4
,
105

embraces Christianity,
92
–
3

establishes empire,
86

influences in Scandinavia,
75
,
78
–
82
,
89
–
90

rise of,
71

splits into two,
88

withdrawal from British Isles,
102
,
103

Roman Iron Age,
79
,
80
,
91

Romulus Augustulus, Emperor,
94

Roscommon, Ireland,
197
–
8

Roskilde (Denmark),
133

Rothlaibh/ Rodolf,
204
–
5
,
205

Rouen (France),
194
,
197

royal dynasties,
122
,
126
–
7

Rugieris,
159

runes,
6
,
83
,
162
–
3

Rus dynasty,
166
–
72
,
183
,
185
,
312

conversion to Christianity,
175
–
6

origin of name,
171

raids on Contantinople,
179
–
81

Russia,
15
,
158
,
159
,
172
,
173
,
178
,
186

Staraya Ladoga,
159
–
64

‘Russiyyah,’ the,
145
–
6
,
166
,
185

see also
Rus

Saami, the,
15
–
18

Saga of Eirik the Red,
286

Sahlberg, Anders,
47

St Brice’s Day Massacre,
321
–
4

St Fridewide’s Church, Oxford,
323

St Ninian’s Isle,
245

treasure hoard,
248
–
9

St Omer,
134

St Petersburg (Russia),
161
,
186

Samanid Empire,
312

Saxons, the,
88
,
100
,
103
,
126
–
7
,
220

Saxony,
304

Scandinavia

agriculture,
30
–
2

birth of Iron Age,
57

Bronze Age trade,
39
–
40

geographical features,
20
,
22
–
4

Ice Age,
12
–
13

Iron Age,
89

population,
14
,
157
–
8

Roman influences,
75
,
78
–
82
,
89
–
90

Schleswig,
192