Authors: Preston Paul
6
Allen to Southworth, 18 June 1964, Jay Allen Papers.
7
Michael Allen to Preston, 1 November 2006; Santiago Álvarez,
Negrín, personalidad histórica. Documentos
(Madrid: Ediciones de la Torre, 1994), p. 277.
8
Allen to Southworth, 7 August 1967, Southworth Papers.
9
Jay Allen, ‘Fragment of Memoirs’, papers of Dean Michael Allen; Alden Whitman, ‘Jay Allen, News Correspondent in Trenchcoat Tradition, Dead’,
New York Times,
22 December 1972; Claude Bowers,
My Mission to Spain
(London: Victor Gollancz, 1954), p. 101; Bruno Vargas,
Rodolfo Llopis (1895–1983). Una biografía política
(Barcelona: Planeta, 1999), p. 88; George Seldes, ‘Treason on
The Times’, The New Republic, 7
September 1938.
10
Allen to Hamilton, 7 October 1963, Jay Allen Papers.
11
Quintanilla to Allen, undated, 25 May, 13 June, 20, 23 July 1935, Luis Quintanilla Papers.
12
Whitaker to Allen, 30 March 1935, Jay Allen Papers.
13
Ruth Allen to Honoria Murphy, 7 January 1982, Jay Allen Papers. Among these papers there is a correspondence with Walter B. Boyce, an Englishman from whom he was renting a house.
14
Allen to Bowers, 14 February 1936, Papers of Claude Bowers, Lilly Library, Indiana University (henceforth Bowers Papers); Bowers,
My Mission,
p. 103; Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 309–10.
15
Michael Allen to Preston, 29 December 2006; Jay Allen, ‘Slaughter of 4,000 at Badajoz, City of Horrors’,
Chicago Daily Tribune,
30 August 1936.
16
Allen to Negrín, 14 December 1945, Archivo Negrín, Carpeta AJN 29, 33-33J.
17
On Araquistain and Leviatán, see Paul Preston, ‘The Struggle Against Fascism in Spain: The Contradictions of the PSOE Left’, in
European Studies Review,
vol. 9, no. 1, 1979, and ‘Prólogo’,
Leviatán: antología
(Madrid: Ediciones Turner, 1976). On Largo Caballero’s prevention of a Prieto cabinet, see Paul Preston,
The Coming of the Spanish Civil War: Reform Reaction and Revolution in the Second Spanish Republic 1931–1936,
2nd edn (London: Routledge, 1994), pp. 262–5.
18
Allen to Negrín, 14 December 1945, Archivo Negrín, Carpeta AJN 29, 33-33J.
19
Jay Allen, notes on reading John Spencer Churchill’s book,
A Churchill Canvas
(Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1961); Michael Allen to author, 1 April 2006. On the relationship with Brenan, see Jonathan Gathorne-Hardy,
The Interior Castle. A Life of Gerald Brenan
(London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1992), pp. 301–5; Jay to Brenan, 13 August 1936, Brenan archive, Harry Ransome Research Centre, University of Texas at Austin.
20
Chicago Daily Tribune,
28, 29 July 1936. Very slightly different versions of these articles were printed in
The News Chronicle,
29 July, 1 August 1936.
21
Allen to Negrín, 14 December 1945, Archivo Juan Negrín, AJN 29, 33-33J.
22
Allen undated memo to Carlos Baker, Jay Allen Papers.
23
‘Portugal lets Nazi ship unload arms for Spain’,
Chicago Daily Tribune,
23 August 1936.
24
Allen to Fischer, 9 July 1962, Jay Allen Papers.
25
Chicago Daily Tribune,
30 August 1936.
26
Michael Allen to author, 1 April 2006.
27
Father Joseph Thorning,
Why the Press Failed on Spain!
(Brooklyn: International Catholic Truth Society, 1937), p. 5; Francis McCullagh,
In Franco’s Spain
(London: Burns, Oates & Washbourne, 1937), pp. 48–56.
28
On Pires, see the report of the Spanish Ambassador to Portugal, Claudio Sánchez Albornoz, 18 August 1936, in José Luis Martín (ed.),
Claudio Sánchez Albornoz. Embajador de España en Portugal, mayo–octubre 1936
(Ávila: Fundación Sánchez Albornoz, 1995), pp. 157–60; Alberto Pena Rodríguez,
El gran aliado de Franco. Portugal y la guerra civil española: prensa, radio, cine y propaganda
(Sada-A Coruña: Ediciós do Castro, 1998), pp. 283–6; Francisco Espinosa Maestre,
La columna de la muerte. El avance del ejército franquista de Sevilla a Badajoz
(Barcelona: Editorial Crítica, 2003), p. 209.
29
Herbert Rutledge Southworth,
Guernica! Guernica!: A Study of Journalism, Propaganda and History
(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1977), p. 133. Omitted from the quotation above is the following sentence: ‘In another part of this article, Jay Allen referred to the Portuguese correspondent Mario Neves. This name was garbled in transmission, printed in the
Chicago Daily Tribune
as “Mario Pires”, and has continued to be spelled that way at least five times subsequently in anthologies.’ In fact, on this point, it was Southworth who was mistaken. See previous footnote.
30
Lester Ziffren, ‘Diary’, entry for 16 September 1936; Fischer, Spanish Diary, pp. 48–9; Gathorne-Hardy,
The Interior Castle,
p. 311.
31
John T. Whitaker,
We Cannot Escape History
(New York: Macmillan, 1943), p. 113.
32
Shannon to Scanlan, 18 December 1937, Bowers Papers.
33
Representative of the campaign were the pamphlets of Father Joseph B. Code,
The Spanish Civil War and Lying Propaganda
(New York: Paulist
Press, 1938); Father Joseph Thorning,
Why the Press Failed on Spain!
(Brooklyn, NY: International Catholic Truth Society); Father Joseph Thorning,
Mercy and Justice!
(New York: Peninsular News Service, 1939); Father Joseph Thorning,
Fernando de los Ríos Refutes Himself (New
York: Paulist Press, 1939).
34
Allen to Hamilton, 16 January 1964, Jay Allen Papers.
35
Thorning to Weir, 5, 15 March 1938, Bowers Papers.
36
The Fresno Bee,
1 April,
Modesto Bee,
4 April 1938.
37
Allen to Baker, 6 March 1963, 9 January 1969, Jay Allen Papers.
38
Chicago Daily Tribune,
9 October 1936 (also reproduced in
The News Chronicle,
24 October 1936); Ian Gibson,
En busca de José Antonio
(Barcelona: Planeta, 1980), pp. 161–70; Herbert Rutledge Southworth,
Antifalange; estudio crítico de ‘Falange en la guerra de España’ de Maximiano García Venero
(Paris: Ediciones Ruedo Ibérico, 1967), pp. 144–8.
39
Claude G. Bowers to Acting Secretary of State, 20 November 1936,
Foreign Relations of the United States 1936,
vol. II (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1954), p. 568.
40
Allen to Hamilton, 28 February 1963, Jay Allen Papers.
41
Allen to Southworth, 2 June 1967, Southworth Papers.
42
Jay Allen, ‘The Spanish Nightmare’, Speech to Chicago Council on Foreign Relations. Text sent from British Library of Information, New York, 22 April 1937, FO 371/21291 W 8895/1/41.
43
‘Confidential Information from E. H. Knoblaugh’, distributed by Joseph Thorning, copy sent by Jay Allen to Claude Bowers, Bowers Papers.
44
Knightley,
The First Casualty,
pp. 200–1; Allen, ‘Fragments of Memoirs’; Herbert Rutledge Southworth,
Guernica! Guernica!: A Study of Journalism, Propaganda and History
(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1977), pp. 109–18, 441; Marta Rey García,
Stars for Spain. La guerra civil española en los Estados Unidos
(Sada-A Coruña: Ediciós do Castro, 1997), pp. 65, 118–19; H. Edward Knoblaugh,
Correspondent in Spain
(London and New York: Sheed &Ward, 1937), pp. 82–99.
45
Allen to Hemingway, 17 March 1943, Hemingway Collection, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston (henceforth Hemingway Papers); Allen to Carlos Baker, 9 January 1969, Jay Allen Papers.
46
Knoblaugh to Bennett, 16 November 1939, Milly Bennett Papers, Box 3, Folder 7, Hoover Institution Archives.
47
Gathorne-Hardy,
The Interior Castle,
p. 314.
48
Seldes to Hemingway, 24 February 1938, Hemingway Collection, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston; George Seldes, ‘“Ken”, the Inside Story’,
The Nation,
30 April 1938; ‘Insiders’,
Time,
21 March 1938; Michael Allen to author, 1 April 2006.
49
Allen to Bowers, 28 September 1937, Bowers Papers; Peter J. Sehlinger and Holman Hamilton,
Spokesman for Democracy. Claude G. Bowers 1878–1958
(Indianapolis, IN: Indiana Historical Society, 2000), p. 198; Allen to Baker, 6 March 1963, Jay Allen Papers.
50
Diary entry for 7 May 1938, Harold L. Ickes,
The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes, Volume II, The Inside Struggle
(New York: Simon + Schuster, 1954), pp. 388–90.
51
Allen to Southworth, 7 August 1967, Southworth Papers.
52
Michael Allen to author, 1 November 2006.
53
Allen to Southworth, 6 January 1964, Allen Papers.
54
Allen to Baker, 9 January 1969, Jay Allen Papers.
55
Allen to Bowers, 13 January 1938, Bowers Papers.
56
Allen to Messersmith, 8 January 1939, Allen to Fischer, 9 July 1962, Allen to Southworth, 6 January, Southworth to Allen, 20 January 1964, Jay Allen Papers.
57
The process is referred to in many subsequent letters between Jay and Herbert. I am indebted to Michael Allen for his recollections. I also draw on my own conversations with Herbert Southworth. There are substantial fragments of the chronology in the ALBA Collection of the Tamiment Library, at New York University. I am grateful to Gail Malmgreen and Dr Isabelle Rohr for help in locating this material.
58
Michael Allen to author, 1 April 2006.
59
Allen to Southworth, 28 May 1967, Southworth Papers.
60
Letter from J. D. LeCron to Jay Allen, 16 March 1939. Papers of Jay Allen; Soledad Fox,
Constancia de la Mora in War and Exile. International Voice for the Spanish Republic
(Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2007), pp. 84–7.
61
Letter signed ‘Blank’ from the National Labor Relations Board to Jay Allen, 25 March 1939. Papers of Jay Allen.
62
Diana Sheean to Fischer, 21 March, 10 April 1939, Fischer Papers, Box 11, Folder 19.
63
Michael Allen to author, 30 November 2006.
64
Buckley,
Life and Death,
pp. 171–2.
65
Fox,
Constancia de la Mora,
pp. 89–95, 98–9, 103–5. For Salinas’ comments, see Pedro Salinas,
Cartas a Katherine Whitmore (1932–1947)
(Barcelona: Tusquets Editores, 2002), p. 358. Jay himself commented on the issue in a letter to Carlos Baker, 6 March 1963, Jay Allen Papers.
66
Diary entry for 13 May 1939, Ickes,
The Secret Diary,
p. 633.
67
Allen to Bowers, 3, 13 July 1939, Bowers Papers.
68
Memorandum by Chief of Division of European Affairs, 27 March 1939,
Foreign Relations of the United States 1939,
vol. II (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1956), pp. 767–8; Palencia,
Smouldering Freedom,
pp. 152–3.
69
Fox,
Constancia de la Mora,
pp. 110–11, 120.
70
Constancia de la Mora to Jay Allen, 9 April 1940; Fondo Amaro del Rosal, Archivo Histórico de la Fundación Pablo Iglesias. I am indebted to Soledad Fox for drawing my attention to this document.
71
Allen to Bowers, 19 April 1940, Bowers Papers; Allen to Baker, 9 January 1963, Allen Papers.
72
Allen to Fischer, 9 July 1962, Papers of Jay Allen; Fox,
Constancia de la Mora,
pp. 124–31.
73
Allen to Baker, 6 March 1963, 9 January 1963, Allen Papers.
74
The Volunteer for Liberty,
vol. II, no. 3, May 1940, pp. 1–2.
75
Allen to Baker, 6 March 1963, Allen Papers; Allen to Negrín, 12 July 1940, Archivo Negrín, AJN 55, 75A–75D.
76
Allen to Negrín, 12 July 1940, Archivo Negrín, AJN 55, 75C.
77
Allen to Bowers, 19 April 1940, Bowers Papers.
78
Allen to Frankfurter, 24 October 1940, Jay Allen Papers.
79
Jay Allen, undated memo to Carlos Baker, Jay Allen Papers; Michael Allen to author, 21 July 2006.
80
Andy Marino,
A Quiet American: The Secret War of Varian Fry
(New York: St Martin’s Press, 1999), pp. 210–13; Varian Fry,
Surrender on Demand
(New York: Random House, 1945), pp. 154–5.
81
Buckley,
Life and Death,
p. 164; Fry,
Surrender,
p. 155. Jay’s first meeting with Fry seems to have been on 2 January 1941.
82
Jay Allen, ‘Weygand Denies Rifts with Pétain’,
New York Times,
12 December 1940; Hull to Murphy, 13 December 1940,
Foreign Relations of the United States 1940,
vol. II (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1957), p. 420; Jay Allen, untitled manuscript on Weygand and Noguès, Allen Papers, pp. 3–16.
83
Allen to Fry, 2 January 1941, Varian Fry Papers, Columbia University.
84
Allen to Fry, 20 January 1941, Varian Fry Papers.
85
Fry to AERC HQ, New York, 21 January 1941, Varian Fry Papers; Fry,
Surrender,
p. 155; Marino,
A Quiet American,
p. 253.
86
Marino,
A Quiet American,
pp. 255–8.
87
Lt Colonel Richard Broad to Allen, undated (but probably 1947); Ruth Allen to Priscilla Allen, 11 May 1980, Jay Allen Papers.
88
The account of the interview by Jay Allen, ‘Pétain Sees France Part of New Order’; ‘Algeria’s Loyalty Pledged to Pétain’,
New York Times,
18 January, 18 February 1941.