Authors: Preston Paul
22
Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 242–5.
23
Louis Fischer, ‘Class War in Spain’,
The Nation,
18 April 1934; Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 245–7; Spanish diary, manuscript, pp. 58–9, Fischer Papers, Box 25, Folder 2.
24
Fischer (Moscow) to Kirchwey, 30 September, 7 November; Kirchwey to Fischer, 22 October 1935, Box 10, Folder 169, Freda Kirchwey Papers, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University (henceforth Kirchwey Papers); Fischer (Geneva) to Kirchwey, 24 October, from Paris, 26 November 1934, Fischer Papers, Box 6, Folder 12.
25
Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 249–83, 294–5.
26
Fischer to Kirchwey, 31 August 1935, Fischer Papers, Box 6, Folder 12; Kirchwey to Fischer, 9, 24 December 1935, 23 January, 26 February, 7 May 1936; Fischer to Kirchwey, from Vienna, 16 December 1935, from Moscow, 29 January, from Madrid, 10 April 1936 (all Kirchwey Papers, Box 10, Folder 169).
27
Fischer to Kirchwey, 4 April 1936, Fischer Papers, Box 6, Folder 12; Kirchwey to Fischer, 7 May 1936 (Kirchwey Papers, Box 10, Folder 169).
28
Fischer (Madrid) to Kirchwey, 10 April 1936, Kirchwey Papers, Box 10, Folder 169; Jay Allen, ‘Fragment of Memoirs’, papers of Dean Michael Allen; Louis Fischer in Richard Crossman (ed.),
The God That Failed. Six Studies in Communism
(London: Hamish Hamilton, 1950), p. 219; Fischer,
Men and Politics,
p. 309.
29
Fischer to Kirchwey, 4 April 1936, Fischer Papers, Box 6, Folder 12 (from Genoa), 17 April 1936; Kirchwey to Fischer, 7 May 1936, Kirchwey Papers, Box 10, Folder 169.
30
Fischer,
The God,
p. 219.
31
Fischer, Spanish Diary, p. 12.
32
Fischer, Spanish Diary, pp. 20–30.
33
Fischer, Spanish Diary, pp. 32, 36–7.
34
Lester Ziffren, diary entry for 21 September 1936, ‘Diary of a Civil War Correspondent’, Ziffren Papers; Fischer, Spanish Diary, pp. 42–5, 50;
Men and Politics, p.
341.
35
Fischer, Spanish Diary, pp. 45–6;
Men and Politics,
pp. 342–3.
36
Fischer, Spanish Diary, pp. 53–8.
37
Fischer, Spanish Diary, pp. 69–74.
38
Gerda Grepp correspondence with Fischer, Fischer papers, Box 4, Folder 29; Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 363, 365.
39
Markoosha to Fischer, 18 October 1938, Fischer Papers, Box 41, Folder 2.
40
Fischer, Spanish Diary, pp. 79–83; Jay Allen, ‘U.S. Boy Bomber, Wet-eyed, Tells a Story of War’,
Chicago Daily Tribune,
30 September 1936.
41
Chicago Daily Tribune,
1, 11 October 1936; Hull to Wendelin, 12 October, Wendelin to Hull, 13 October, 6 November 1936,
Foreign Relations of the United States 1936,
vol. II (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1954), pp. 735–7, 752–3; H. Edward Knoblaugh,
Correspondent in Spain
(London and New York: Sheed &Ward, 1937), pp. 114–15; Judith Keene,
Fighting for Franco. International Volunteers in Nationalist Spain during the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939
(London: Leicester University Press, 2001), pp. 95–9.
42
Fischer, Spanish Diary, pp. 84–7; Louis Fischer, ‘On Madrid’s Front Line’,
The Nation,
24 October 1936. See
Chapter 1
.
43
Fischer, Spanish Diary, pp. 90, 94.
44
Fischer,
Men and Politics,
p. 309.
45
Fischer,
Men and Politics,
p. 352.
46
Fischer, Spanish Diary, pp. 95–101.
47
Fischer, Spanish Diary, pp. 102–4; Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 352–7. On Asensio, see Antonio Cordón,
Trayectoria (Recuerdos de un artillero)
(Paris: Colección Ebro, 1971), pp. 261–2.
48
‘Examination of Louis Fischer by Laurence G. Parr, Investigator’, pp. 3, 11, in Fischer Papers, Series 2, Subject Correspondence, Box 16, Folder 1, ‘International Journeys and Correspondence: Spain (1936–1939, 1949)’.
49
Louis Fischer, ‘On Madrid’s Front Line’,
The Nation,
24 October 1936.
50
Louis Fischer, ‘Madrid’s Foreign Defenders’,
The Nation,
4 September 1937.
51
‘Examination of Louis Fischer’, p. 3.
52
Martínez Amutio,
Chantaje,
pp. 368–9; ‘Examination of Louis Fischer’, pp. 3–4; Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 366–80.
53
Babette Gross,
Willi Münzenberg. A Political Biography
(East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 1974), p. 306.
54
Katz’s secretary to Isabel Brown, 1 March 1937, Security and intelligence records releases, Personal [PF Series] files. KV2/1910, 88A.
55
Louis Fischer, ‘Madrid Keeps Its Nerve’,
The Nation,
7 November 1936.
56
Louis Fischer, ‘Under Fire in Madrid’,
The Nation,
12 December 1936.
57
Fischer to Kirchwey, 16 December 1936, Fischer Papers, Box 6, Folder 12.
58
Louis Fischer, ‘The Loyalists Push Ahead’,
The Nation,
1 January 1938.
59
Louis Fischer, ‘Can Madrid Hold On?’,
The Nation,
16 January 1937.
60
Louis Fischer, ‘Keeping America Out of War’,
The Nation,
27 March 1937.
61
Uritsky Report to Voroshilov on visit by Fischer, reprinted in Ronald Radosh, Mary R. Habeck and Grigory Sevostianov (eds),
Spain Betrayed. The Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), pp. 108–20; Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 381–6, 391.
62
Louis Fischer, ‘Can Madrid Hold On?’, ‘The Road to Peace’,
The Nation,
16 January 1937, 26 February 1938;
Men and Politics,
pp. 390–1.
63
Louis Fischer,
Why Spain Fights On
(London: Union of Democratic Control, 1938).
64
Campbell to Fischer, undated, Fischer Papers.
65
There is a voluminous correspondence with Eleanor Roosevelt in the Fischer Papers, Series 1 General Correspondence, Box 10, Folder 19; Fischer to Director of United Press, 16 April 1937; Fischer to Director of
Le Temps,
23 August 1938; Fischer to Editor of
New Republic, 2
September 1938; Bowers to Fischer, 18 February 1939, Fischer Papers, Series 2, Subject Correspondence, Box 16, Folder 1; Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 392, 453–65.
66
Fischer,
Men and Politics,
p. 371.
67
Fischer,
Men and Politics,
p. 336.
68
Louis Fischer, ‘Loyalist Spain Gathers Its Strength’,
The Nation,
3 July 1937.
69
Jan Kurzke and Kate Mangan, ‘The Good Comrade’, pp. 104–6 (unpublished ms, Jan Kurzke Papers, Archives of the International Institute for Social History, Amsterdam), p. 416.
70
Bowler to Wintringham, 22, 28 June 1937, Russian Centre for the Preservation and Study of Recent Historical Documents, Moscow, Fond. 545, Opus 6, 216 (copy held by International Brigades Memorial Trust, London) (henceforth RCPSRHD/IBMT).
71
Fischer to Kirchwey, 6, 20 July 1937, Fischer Papers, Box 6, Folder 12. He refrained from referring to their conversation until he published ‘Internal Politics in Spain’,
The Nation,
30 October 1937, and mentioned both it and the interview with Azaña in Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 393–403.
72
The two articles were published as ‘Loyalist Spain Gathers Its Strength’ and ‘Loyalist Spain Takes the Offensive’,
The Nation,
3, 17 July 1937.
73
Louis Fischer, ‘Franco Cannot Win’,
The Nation,
7 August 1937.
74
Freda’s comments in Kirchwey to Fischer, 14, 28 July, 17 August; Fischer’s reply, Fischer (Moscow) to Kirchwey, 5 August 1937, Kirchwey Papers, Box 10, Folder 171.
75
Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 409–19.
76
Katz’s secretary to Isabel Brown, 1 March 1937, Security and intelligence records releases, Personal [PF Series] files. KV2/1910, 88A.
77
Kirchwey to Fischer, 28 July; Fischer (Paris) to Kirchwey, 17 August 1937, Kirchwey Papers, Box 10, Folder 171.
78
Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 425–8; Fischer (Geneva) to Kirchwey, 15 September 1937, Kirchwey Papers, Box 10, Folder 171.
79
Negrín to Bowers, 20 September 1937, Papers of Claude Bowers, Lilly Library, Indiana University (henceforth Bowers Papers); Fischer,
Men and Politics,
p. 430.
80
Louis Fischer, ‘Internal Politics in Spain’,
The Nation,
30 October 1937.
81
Fischer notes on ‘October 1937 Benicasim visit with Negrín’; Fischer to Negrín, 7 October 1937, Fischer Papers, Series 1 General Correspondence, Box 8, Folder 29.
82
Louis Fischer, ‘Paris in the Crisis’,
The New Statesman and Nation,
26 March 1938.
83
Fischer to Katz, 24 November 1937, intercepted by the Secret Intelligence Service, DGW to Major Vivian, 27 November 1937, Security and intelligence records releases, Personal [PF Series] files. KV2/1910, 95A, KV2/1383, 228A; Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 439–42.
84
Katz to Isabel Brown, 27 January 1938, Security and intelligence records releases, Personal [PF Series] files. KV2/1910, 99A; Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 446–9.
85
Herbert L. Matthews,
The Education of a Correspondent
(New York: Harcourt Brace, 1946), pp. 123–8; Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 449–51.
86
Louis Fischer, ‘Barcelona Holds Out’,
The Nation, 2
April 1938.
87
Louis Fischer, ‘A Cable from the Front’,
The Nation,
23 April; ‘Catalonia Fights On’,
The New Statesman and Nation,
30 April 1938.
88
Louis Fischer, ‘Spain Won’t Surrender’,
The Nation,
30 April 1938.
89
Fischer,
The God,
pp. 221–2; Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 466–73, 500, 551–4.
90
Louis Fischer, ‘Spain’s Tragic Anniversary’, 30 July 1938;
Men and Politics,
pp. 502–9.
91
Fischer to Kirchwey, 16 August 1938, Fischer Papers, Box 6, Folder 12; Louis Fischer, ‘The War in Spain’,
The New Statesman and Nation,
20 August; ‘The Drive Along the Ebro’,
The Nation,
3 September 1938;
Men and Politics,
p. 511.
92
Louis Fischer, ‘Peace on Earth, Good Will to Men’,
The New Statesman and Nation,
10 December; ‘Peace on Earth’,
The Nation,
24 December 1938.
93
Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 548–9.
94
‘Examination of Louis Fischer’, pp. 4–9; Bowers to Hull, 1 April, Bullitt to Hull, 26 May, 10 June, 27 June, Murphy to Hull, 8 August 1938,
Foreign Relations of the United States 1938,
vol. 1 (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1955), pp. 279, 287, 294, 304–7, 317.
95
Selligman to Fischer, 15 February, 17 March 1937, Fischer Papers. There are several receipts for sums ranging from $15,000 to one million French francs in his papers, dated from 30 July 1938 to 25 April 1939, signed by David Amariglio and Peter C. Rhodes (representatives of the Friends of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, see
New York Times,
9 October 1938); Fischer to White, 25 October 1938;
Friends of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade pamphlet $125 will bring one wounded boy home!
(Fischer Papers, Series 2, Subject Correspondence, Box 16, Folder 1). Peter N. Carroll,
The Odyssey of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade: Americans in the Spanish Civil War
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994), p. 219.
96
Francisco Franco Bahamonde,
Palabras del Caudillo 19 abril 1937–7 diciembre 1942
(Madrid: Ediciones de la Vicesecretaría de Educación Popular, 1943), p. 476.
97
Louis Fischer, ‘Thirty Months of War in Spain’,
The Nation,
7 January 1939.
98
Louis Fischer, ‘Spain’s Final Tragedy’, 18 March 1939.
99
Eleanor Roosevelt to Jay Allen, 7 March, 10, 22 July, 17 August 1940 (Rayner Special Collections Library, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire).
100
Katz to Brown, 28 August 1938, letter intercepted by SIS, Security and intelligence records releases, Personal [PF Series] files, KV2/1384, 264A.
101
Fischer to Allen, 24 November 1938; Fischer to Otto Simon (pseudonym of Katz), 19 January 1939, Fischer Papers, Series 2, Subject Correspondence, Box 16, Folder 1.
102
Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 565, 568–9; Alpern,
Freda Kirchwey,
p. 134.
103
Foreign Office Minutes (Mr Kirkpatrick), 10 October 1939, FO 371/23074/C16202/3356/18; Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 582–90.
104
SIS Reports on Fischer, 25 September, 9 December, 22 December 1939, Security and intelligence records releases, Personal [PF Series] files. KV2/1910, 115A, 124A, 125A.
105
SIS Report on Fischer, 20 November 1939, Security and intelligence records releases, Personal [PF Series] files. KV2/1910, 123A.
106
Report on Fischer, 2 October 1939, Security and intelligence records releases, Personal [PF Series] files. KV2/1910, 118A.
107
The Times,
23 July 1941.
108
Extracts from telephone check, Kuh to Fischer, 18 September 1941. Security and intelligence records releases, Personal [PF Series] files. KV2/985, 333A.