Authors: Preston Paul
109
Fischer to Azcárate, 9 August 1941, Security and intelligence records releases, Personal [PF Series] files. KV2/1910, 132C.
110
Memorandum ‘Building up a Prime Minister’, 5 August 1941, Security and intelligence records releases, Personal [PF Series] files. KV2/1910, 132X.
111
SIS Report on Fischer, 21 September 1941, Security and intelligence records releases, Personal [PF Series] files. KV2/1910, 138A.
112
SIS Report on Fischer, 30 September 1941, Security and intelligence records releases, Personal [PF Series] files. KV2/1910, 142A.
113
Alpern,
Freda Kirchwey,
p. 137.
114
Louis Fischer, ‘Still the Enigma’,
Saturday Review of Literature,
6 December 1941; Taylor,
Stalin’s Apologist,
p. 298.
115
Markoosha to Fischer, 23 September 1940, undated letter, Fischer Papers, Box 41, Folder 4.
116
Mollie Oliver to Fischer, 13 December 1942, undated Spring, 6, 12 May 1943, Box 9, Folder 2, Fischer Papers.
117
Diana Sheean to Fischer, 11 May 1951, Fischer Papers, Box 11, Folder 19.
118
Alpern,
Freda Kirchwey,
pp. 145–7; Louis Fischer,
A Week with Gandhi
(London: Allen & Unwin, 1943);
Gandhi and Stalin: Two Signs at the World’s Crossroads
(New York: Harper, 1947);
The Life of Mahatma Gandhi
(New York: Harper, 1950).
119
Alpern,
Freda Kirchwey,
pp. 162–4.
120
Fischer to Luisi del Vayo, 5 June 1952, Fischer Papers, Box 12, Folder 43.
121
Edward P. Gazur,
Secret Assignment. The FBI’s KGB General
(London: St Ermin’s Press, 2001), pp. 315–16.
122
John Costello and Oleg Tsarev,
Deadly Illusions
(New York: Crown Publishers, 1993), pp. 340–53, 478–80.
123
Obituary in
The Times,
23 January 1970.
124
The Times,
1 February 1985.
125
‘Dede’ (Deirdre Randall) to Fischer, undated (1957), Box 10, Folder 1, Fischer Papers.
126
Svetlana Alliluyeva to Fischer, 5 April, 14 June 1968, Box 1, Folder 7, Fischer Papers.
127
Alliluyeva to Fischer, 17 September 1968, Box 1, Folder 7; Randall to Fischer, 22 October (1968), Box 10, Folder 4, Fischer Papers.
128
Patricia Blake, ‘The Saga of Stalin’s “Little Sparrow”. Svetlana’s Tormented Journey from East to West and Back Again’,
Time Magazine,
28 January 1985. A slightly different version of the same article, ‘Svetlana – Embraced by Stalin’s Ghost’, was published in
The Times,
1 February 1985.
129
Deirdre Randall to Fischer, undated, Box 10, Folder 1, Fischer Papers.
130
Louis Fischer,
Russia’s Road from Peace to War: Soviet Foreign Relations, 1917–1941
(New York: Harper, 1969), and
The Road to Yalta: Soviet Foreign Relations, 1941–1945
(New York: Harper, 1972).
1
Gellhorn to Roosevelt, undated, 1938, Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library.
2
Noel Baker to Steer, 6 March 1937, Noel-Baker Papers, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge (henceforth CAC), NBKR, 4/2. The letter is clearly misdated March when the content points clearly to it being written in May.
3
G. L. Steer,
The Tree of Gernika: A Field Study of Modern War
(London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1938), pp. 161–8.
4
Nicholas Rankin,
Telegram from Guernica. The Extraordinary Life of George Steer, War Correspondent
(London: Faber & Faber, 2003), p. 5.
5
For a critical examination of Steer’s work, see Tom Buchanan,
The Impact of the Spanish Civil War on Britain. War, Loss and Memory
(Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2007), p. 25.
6
Sidney Barton, Preface, G. L. Steer,
Sealed and Delivered
(London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1942), p. 1.
7
Who was Who 1941–1950
(London: Adam & Charles Black, 1951), p. 1097; George Steer,
Caesar in Abyssinia
(Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co., 1937), p. 19.
8
Steer,
Caesar in Abyssinia,
pp. 20–2, 130, 153–4; Noel Monks,
Eye-Witness
(London: Frederick Muller, 1955), p. 35.
9
Phillip Knightley,
The First Casualty. The War Correspondent as Hero, Propagandist, and Myth Maker from the Crimea to Vietnam
(London: André Deutsch, 1975), pp. 174–5; Steer,
Caesar in Abyssinia,
pp. 37–41.
10
Steer,
Caesar in Abyssinia,
pp. 7–8.
11
The Times,
18 May 1936; Steer,
Caesar in Abyssinia,
pp. 286–93, 404.
12
Waugh’s letters from September to November 1935 in Artemis Cooper (ed.),
Mr Wu & Mrs Stitch. The Letters of Evelyn Waugh and Diana Cooper
(London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1991), pp. 52–7. The meetings with Steer,
Caesar in Abyssinia,
pp. 73, 154, the fate of the house, pp. 370–87.
13
Tablet,
23 January 1937, reprinted in Donald Gallagher (ed.),
The Essays, Articles and Reviews of Evelyn Waugh
(London: Methuen, 1983), pp. 188–9.
14
Evelyn Waugh,
Scoop
(Boston, MA: Littlebrown, 1977) [1st edn, 1937], pp. 61–3, 115–16.
15
Steer,
Caesar in Abyssinia,
pp. 393–7; Rankin,
Telegram,
pp. 38–40, 70–1, 97.
16
The Times,
29, 31 August, 1, 2, 4, 5 September 1936.
17
Steer,
Gernika,
pp. 13, 139.
18
Monks,
Eye-Witness,
p. 94; Peter Kemp,
Mine were of Trouble
(London: Cassell, 1957), pp. 41, 52–3.
19
Peter Kemp,
The Thorns of Memory
(London: Sinclair Stevenson, 1990), p. 21.
20
Rankin,
Telegram,
pp. 84–5.
21
Clark, War Office, to Roberts, FO, 8 February 1937, TNA FO 371/21284, W 2902/1/41.
22
Herbert Rutledge Southworth,
Guernica! Guernica!: A Study of Journalism, Propaganda and History
(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1977), p. 402.
23
Rankin,
Telegram,
pp. 85–6, 104.
24
Steer,
Gernika,
pp. 12–13, 134–8.
25
Steer,
Gernika,
pp. 113–19, 126.
26
Stevenson to Chilton, 31 January 1937, TNA FO 371/21284, FO 371/21284, W 2827/1/41.
27
The Times,
30 January 1937; James Cable,
The Royal Navy and the Siege of Bilbao
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), p. 75; Steer,
Gernika,
p. 132; Rankin,
Telegram,
pp. 96–7, 103; Clark, War Office, to Roberts, FO, 8 February 1937, TNA FO 371/21284, W 2902/1/41.
28
Steer,
Gernika,
p. 159; Bowers to Hull, 30 April 1937,
Foreign Relations of the United States 1937
(Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1954), I, p. 291.
29
Steer,
Gernika,
pp. 160–70; Southworth,
Guernica!,
pp. 368–9; Jesús Salas Larrazabal,
La guerra de España desde el aire,
2nd edn (Barcelona: Ariel, 1972), pp. 187–8.
30
Steer,
Gernika,
p. 14.
31
The Times,
14 April 1937.
32
Steer to Noel-Baker, 19 April 1937, Noel-Baker Papers, CAC, NBKR, 4x/118.
33
The Times,
15, 21, 24 April 1937; P. M. Heaton,
Welsh Blockade Runners in the Spanish Civil War
(Newport, Gwent: The Starling Press, 1985), pp. 35–50; Cable,
Siege of Bilbao,
pp. 55–76; Steer,
Gernika,
pp. 190–4; Rankin,
Telegram,
pp. 105–8.
34
Cable,
Siege of Bilbao,
pp. 67–8.
35
Steer,
Gernika,
pp. 208–9.
36
Steer,
Gernika,
pp. 228–33.
37
Steer,
Gernika,
pp. 234–45.
38
Christopher Holme, ‘The Reporter at Guernica’,
British Journalism Review,
vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 46–51.
39
Southworth,
Guernica!,
pp. 181–7.
40
Gijs van Hensbergen,
Guernica. The Biography of a Twentieth-Century Icon
(London: Bloomsbury, 2004), p. 45.
41
Herschel B. Chipp,
Picasso’s Guernica. History, Transformations, Meanings
(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1988), pp. 58–70.
42
Luis Bolín,
Spain: The Vital Years
(Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, 1967), pp. 279–80; Robert Sencourt,
Spain’s Ordeal. A Documented Survey of Recent Events
(London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1938), pp. 237–45.
43
The Times,
29 April 1937; Steer to Noel-Baker, 29 April 1937, CAC, NBKR, 4x/118; Rankin,
Telegram,
pp. 127, 137.
44
Joseph F. Thorning,
Why the Press Failed on Spain
(New York: International Catholic Truth Society, 1938), pp. 10–11; Southworth,
Guernica!,
p. 442; Rankin,
Telegram,
p. 137.
45
Franklin Reid Gannon,
The British Press and Nazi Germany 1936–1939
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), pp. 113–16.
46
Rankin,
Telegram,
p. 4.
47
Steer,
Gernika,
p. 250.
48
ABC
(Sevilla), 4, 5 May 1937.
49
Steer to Noel-Baker, 8 May; Noel-Baker to unknown Minister, 13 May 1937, CAC, NBKR, 4x/118, 4/660.
50
The Times,
1, 3, 4, 7, 10, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 26, 27 May, 1, 4, 7, 12, 14, 15, 16 June 1937; Steer,
Gernika,
pp. 265–316, 322–4, 328–31, 354; Steer to Noel-Baker, 31 May 1937, CAC, NBKR, 4x/118; Gilbert to Hull, 29 May 1937,
Foreign Relations of the United States 1937,
vol. I, pp. 305–6.
51
Leah Manning,
A Life for Education. An Autobiography
(London: Gollancz, 1970), p. 125.
52
The Times,
5 May 1937.
53
Noel-Baker to Steer, 29 April 1937, CCA, NBKR, 4/660.
54
Steer,
Gernika,
p. 359.
55
The Times,
21 June 1937.
56
Rankin,
Telegram,
p. 137.
57
Steer,
Gernika,
pp. 372–83; Steer to Noel-Baker, no day, August 1937, CCA, NBKR, 4/2. For a highly critical account of the Basques’ military failure, see Xuan Cándano,
El pacto de Santoña (1937). La rendición del nacionalismo vasco al fascismo
(Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros, 2006),
Chapter 11
.
58
Steer to Noel-Baker, 12 November 1937, CCA, NBKR, 9/64.
59
Noel-Baker to Steer, 7 February 1938, CCA, NBKR, 9/64.
60
Cable,
Siege of Bilbao,
pp. 5–6.
61
G. L. Steer,
El árbol de Guernica
(n.p. [Caracas]: Ediciones Gudari, 1963); George L. Steer,
El árbol de Gernika. Un ensayo sobre la guerra moderna
(Tafalla: Txalaparta, 2002).
62
Steer,
Gernika,
pp. 12–13.
63
George Orwell,
Time and Tide,
5 February 1938, reprinted in
Orwell in Spain
(London: Penguin Books, 2001), pp. 263–4.
64
Steer to Noel-Baker, 12 October 1938, CCA, NBKR, 4/8.
65
Steer to Noel-Baker, 18 October, 26 November 1938, CCA, NBKR, 4/8.
66
G. L. Steer,
Judgment on German Africa
(London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1939); G. L. Steer,
A Date in the Desert
(London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1939).
67
The Times,
15 July 1939, 15 May, 10 June 1940, 22 October 1942; Rankin,
Telegram, pp.31,
39, 103.
68
Rankin,
Telegram,
pp. 166–70.
69
Noel-Baker to R. A. Butler, 4, 18 June 1940, CCA, NBKR, 4/663.
70
Sir Geoffrey Thompson,
Front Line Diplomat
(London: Hutchinson, 1959), pp. 154–5.
71
Tablet,
26 September 1942, reprinted in Gallagher,
Reviews of Evelyn Waugh,
pp. 271–2.
72
Luis Bolín,
Spain: The Vital Years
(Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, 1967), pp. 279–80.
73
Steer SOE file, TNA HS9/1410/9, 22666/A.
74
The Times,
5 January 1945.
75
Steer,
Gernika,
p. 365.
76
Steer,
Gernika,
p. 13.
1
Isabel de Palencia,
Smouldering Freedom. The Story of the Spanish Republicans in Exile
(London: Victor Gollancz, 1946), p. 153.
2
Allen to Juan Negrín, 14 December no year (1945), Archivo Juan Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Carpeta AJN 29, 33-33J.
3
Allen, ‘Autobiographical summary’. Although written anonymously and in the third person, this document was almost certainly compiled by Jay Allen himself.
4
Constancia de la Mora,
In Place of Splendor. The Autobiography of a Spanish Woman
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939), pp. 135–6.
5
Allen to Holman Hamilton, 28 February 1963, Jay Allen Papers; Allen to Southworth, 2 June 1967, Southworth Papers.