Authors: Preston Paul
97
Southworth,
Guernica! Guernica!,
p. 499.
98
Dez anos de política externa (1936–1947). A nação portuguesa e a segunda guerra mundial,
IV (Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1965), pp. 333–4; Del Moral to Duque de Alba, mayo de 1937, AGA, Exteriores, 54/6.803.I am grateful to Dr Hugo García for information regarding the role of Arias Paz in the removal of Bolín. The meeting with Franco in RNE,
Guerra civil y Radio Nacional,
pp. 48–9.
99
Southworth,
Guernica! Guernica!,
pp. 62–8, 334–7, 427.
100
Southworth,
Guernica! Guernica!,
pp. 64–7, 334–5, 337.
101
Informe GAM, leg. 416, AGMS.
102
Informe GAM, leg. 416, AGMS; Kemp,
Mine were of Trouble,
pp. 99–101; General Sagardía,
Del Alto Ebro a las Fuentes del Llobregat. Treinta y dos meses de guerra de la 62 División
(Barcelona: Editora Nacional, 1940), p. 106.
103
Cowles,
Looking for Trouble,
pp. 86–7.
104
Cowles,
Looking for Trouble,
p. 90.
105
Cowles,
Looking for Trouble,
p. 77.
106
Cowles,
Looking for Trouble,
pp. 96–9.
107
Cedric Salter,
Try-out in Spain
(New York: Harper Brothers, 1943), pp. 250–65.
1
Arkadi Vaksberg,
Hotel Lux. Les partis frères au service de l’Internationale Communiste
(Paris: Éditions Fayard, 1993), p. 151; Carlos García-Alix,
Madrid–Moscú
(Madrid: T Ediciones, 2003), p. 176. Mikhail Koltsov,
Khochu letat’
(Moscow: Voengiz, 1931).
2
On Soslovsky, see Isaac Deutscher,
The Prophet Unarmed. Trotsky: 1921–1929
(London: Oxford University Press, 1959), pp. 113, 203, 421, 428–30. On the incident in the Bolshoi, see Pierre Broué,
Staline et la révolution. Le cas espagnol (1936–1939)
(Paris: Librairie Arthème Fayard, 1993), p. 105.
3
Robert C. Tucker,
Stalin as Revolutionary, 1879–1929
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), pp. 469–70.
4
Reinhold Görling,
‘Dinamita Celebral’ Politischer Prozeß und ästhetische Praxis im Spanischen Bürgerkrieg (1936–1939)
(Frankfurt: Verlag Klaus Dieter Vervuert, 1986), p. 311.
5
Viktor Shklovsky,
Mayakovsky and His Circle
(London: Pluto Press, 1972), pp. 202, 220.
6
Paulina and Adelina Abramson,
Mosaico roto
(Madrid: Compañía Literaria, 1994), p. 36.
7
Arthur Koestler,
The Invisible Writing
2nd edn (London: Hutchinson, 1969), pp. 368, 372.
8
Gustav Regler,
The Owl of Minerva
(London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1959), pp. 236–9.
9
Yuri Rybalkin,
Stalin y España. La ayuda militar soviética a la República
(Madrid: Marcial Pons Historia, 2007) p. 50.
10
Mijail Koltsov,
Diario de la guerra de España
(Paris: Ruedo Ibérico, 1963), p. 14. All subsequent references to
Diario
are to this edition. See also Jonathan Haslam,
The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security in Europe 1933–39
(London: Macmillan Press, 1984), p. 108.
11
Koltsov,
Diario,
pp. 412–24; Mikhail Koltsov,
Ispanskaya vesna
(Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo pisatelei v Leningrade, 1933).
12
Koltsov,
Diario,
pp. 12, 15–18, 23, 29, 33–4.
13
Koltsov,
Diario,
pp. 39–42, 50–1, 55–8.
14
Koltsov,
Diario,
pp. 77–9.
15
Ursula El-Akramy,
Transit Moskau: Margarete Steffin und Maria Osten
(Hamburg: Europäische Verlagsanstalt, 1998), pp. 195–6.
16
Cockburn recounted the episode with the telephone extension to Peter Wyden,
The Passionate War. The Narrative History of the Spanish Civil War
(New York: Simon + Schuster, 1983), pp. 328, 537. The untitled
article by Claud Cockburn, in Philip Toynbee (ed.),
The Distant Drum. Reflections on The Spanish Civil War
(London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1976), p. 53; Patricia Cockburn,
The Years of the Week
(London: MacDonald, 1968), p. 208. A meeting with Cockburn is described by Koltsov,
Diario,
pp. 264–5.
17
Koltsov to Stalin, 4 December 1937. I am immensely grateful to Ángel Viñas for providing me with a copy of this document.
18
Santiago Carrillo, interview with the author, 20 September 2006. On transmissions, see Koltsov,
Diario,
pp. 202, 205, 217.I am equally grateful to Dr Ángel Viñas for his help on this point.
19
Louis Fischer,
Russia’s Road from Peace to War. Soviet Foreign Relations 1917–1941
(New York: Harper & Row, 1969), p. 273.
20
Ernest Hemingway,
For Whom the Bell Tolls
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1941), p. 397.
21
Ilya Ehrenburg,
Eve of War 1933–1941
(London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1963), p. 148; José Fernández Sánchez, ‘El ultimo destino de Mijail Koltsov’,
Historia 16,
no. 170, junio 1990, p. 21.
22
Alexander Orlov,
The March of Time. Reminiscences
(London: St Ermin’s Press, 2004), p. 215.
23
Hugh Thomas,
The Spanish Civil War,
3rd edn (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1977), p. 393; Olga Novikova, ‘Las visiones de España en la Unión Soviética durante la guerra civil española’, unpublished manuscript.
24
Koltsov,
Diario,
pp. 9, 66 (glasses); pp. 66, 68, 147, 366 (WWI and Russian Civil War).
25
Koltsov,
Diario,
pp. 9–12, 404 (threatening Guides), p. 59
(Mundo Obrero),
pp. 71, 87, 197 (María Teresa’s pistol). José Fernández Sánchez, ‘Introducción’, Mijail Koltsov,
Diario de la guerra de España
(Madrid: Akal Editor, 1978), pp. 5–6.
26
Boris Efimov, in
Mikhail’ Kol’tsov, kakim on byl. Vospominaniya
(Moscow: Sovetskii Pisatel’, 1965), p. 65; A. Rubashkin,
Mikhail’ Kol’tsov. Kritiko-biograficheskii ocherk
(Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya literature, 1971), p. 174; Gleb Skorokhodov,
Mikhail’ Kol’tsov. Kritiko-biograficheskii ocherk
(Moscow: Sovetskii Pisatel’, 1959), pp. 160–3. The most convincing identification of Koltsov with ‘Miguel Martínez’ can be found in Ian Gibson,
Paracuellos: cómo fue
(Barcelona: Argos Vergara, 1983), pp. 55–9. See also Broué,
Staline et la révolution,
p. 105; Günther Schmigalle,
André Malraux und der spanische Bürgerkrieg: Zur Genese, Funktion und Bedeutung von ‘L’Espoir’
(Bonn: Bouvier Verlag Herbert Grundmann, 1980), p. 160; Carlos Serrano,
L’enjeu espagnol: PCF et guerre d’Espagne
(Paris: Messidor/Éditions Sociales, 1987), p. 52. I am immensely grateful to my friend Dr Frank Schauff for his inestimable help with the Russian references cited in this chapter.
27
General Vicente Rojo,
Así fue la defensa de Madrid
(México D.F.: Ediciones Era, 1967), p. 214; Koltsov,
Diario,
pp. 275–8; José Andrés Rojo,
Vicente Rojo. Retrato de un general republicano
(Barcelona: Tusquets Editores, 2006), pp. 87–8.
28
Boris Volodarsky,
KGB: The West Side Story
(unpublished manuscript); Ángel Viñas,
El escudo de la República, El oro de España, la apuesta soviética y los hechos de mayo de 1937
(Barcelona: Crítica, 2007) pp. 57–68. On Grigulevich, see Marjorie Ross,
El secreto encanto de la KGB. Las cinco vidas de Iósif Griguliévich
(Heredia, Costa Rica: Farben Grupo Editorial Norma, 2004) pp. 40–67; Christopher Andrew & Vasili Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB
(New York: Basic Books, 1999) pp. 99, 162. The claim that Koltsov had links with the GRU derives from Novikova, ‘Las visiones’.
29
Koltsov,
Diario,
pp. 99–100 (Maqueda), p. 142 (Álvarez del Vayo), pp. 145–6 (radio intercepts), pp. 158–9 (5º Regimiento).
30
Koltsov,
Diario,
pp. 114, 167, 176–8, 185–6, 192.
31
Boris Volodarsky,
KGB: The West Side Story,
Chapter 16.
32
Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield,
p. 300; Germán Sánchez, ‘El misterio Grigulévich’,
Historia 16,
no. 233, septiembre de 1995, p. 118. On Koltsov and Paracuellos, see Viñas,
El escudo,
pp. 57–74.
33
Koltsov,
Diario,
pp. 196, 281–3.
34
Gleb Skorokhodov,
Mikhail’ Kol’tsov. Kritiko-biograficheskii ocherk
(Moscow: Sovetskii Pisatel’, 1959), pp. 154–5.
35
Santiago Álvarez,
Los Comisarios Políticos en el Ejército Popular de la República
(Sada-A Coruña: Ediciós do Castro, 1989), pp. 93–7, 115–27; Juan Andrés Blanco Rodríguez,
El Quinto Regimiento en la política militar del P. C.E. en la guerra civil
(Madrid: UNED, 1993), pp. 171–93.
36
Milicia Popular, 2,
3, 8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21 October 1936.
37
Koltsov,
Diario,
p. 151.
38
Stéphane Courtois and Jean-Louis Panné, ‘The Shadow of the NKVD in Spain’, in Stéphane Courtois et al.,
The Black Book of Communism. Crimes, Terror, Repression
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), p. 337.
39
Arturo Barea,
The Forging of a Rebel
(London: Davis-Poynter, 1972), pp. 596–7.
40
Regler,
The Owl,
p. 276.
41
Skorokhodov,
Mikhail’ Kol’tsov,
pp. 158–60.
42
Orlov,
The March, p. 231.
43
Communication from Boris Volodarsky; Emma Wolf in
Mikhail’ Kol’tsov, kakim on byl’,
pp. 305–7. On the collaboration between Gorev and Koltsov, see Frank Schauff,
Der verspielte Sieg. Sowjetunion, Kommunistische Internationale und Spanischer Bürgerkrieg 1936–1939
(Frankfurt: Campus, 2005), p. 238.
44
Abramson,
Mosaico roto,
pp. 63–5.
45
Sefton Delmer,
Trail Sinister. An Autobiography
(London: Secker & Warburg, 1961), p. 387.
46
Orlov,
The March,
p. 229. I am grateful to Dr Ángel Viñas, who pointed out that, by June 1937, only seventeen such decorations had been awarded in total and that it was highly unlikely that eleven of them were for a minor tank skirmish.
47
Schmigalle,
André Malraux,
p. 159; Hugh Thomas,
The Spanish Civil War,
3rd edn (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1977), p. 495. See Koltsov,
Diario,
pp. 257–9, 303, 339.
48
Abramson,
Mosaico roto,
p. 62.
49
Haslam,
The Soviet Union,
p. 262.
50
Boris Efimov, in
Mikhail’ Kol’tsov, kakim on byl’,
p. 65; Abramson,
Mosaico roto,
p. 62.
51
Roman Karmen,
¡No pasarán!
(Moscow: Editorial Progreso, 1976), pp. 249–53.
52
Abramson,
Mosaico roto,
pp. 61, 91–100; Koltsov,
Diario,
pp. 123–41; Karmen,
¡No pasarán!,
pp. 265, 277.
53
Karmen,
¡No pasarán!,
pp. 272–3.
54
Karmen,
¡No pasarán!,
pp. 276–8.
55
Karmen,
¡No pasarán!,
pp. 277–81, 301.
56
Karmen,
¡No pasarán!,
pp. 303, 307; Koltsov,
Diario,
pp. 93, 118.
57
Hemingway,
For Whom the Bell Tolls,
p. 221.
58
Abramson,
Mosaico roto,
pp. 175–82.
59
Edward P. Gazur,
Secret Assignment. The FBI’s KGB General
(London: St Ermin’s Press, 2001), pp. 139–40.
60
Martha Gellhorn, ‘Memory’,
London Review of Books,
12 December 1996, p. 3.
61
Claud Cockburn,
A Discord of Trumpets
(New York: Simon + Schuster, 1956), p. 304.
62
Abramson,
Mosaico roto,
p. 62.
63
Broué,
Staline et la révolution,
p. 105.
64
Koltsov,
Diario,
p. 202.
65
El-Akramy,
Transit Moskau,
pp. 93–7, 125–9, 135, 173, 329–30; Vaksberg,
Hotel Lux,
p. 161. Koltsov’s involvement in the writing of
Hubert im Wonderland
in David Pike,
German Writers in Soviet Exile, 1933–1945
(Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), p. 340.
66
Delmer,
Trail Sinister,
p. 387.
67
Gustav Regler, ‘Civil War Diary’, unpublished manuscript (Southworth Papers), entry for 14 March 1937, p. 44.
68
Ehrenburg,
Eve of War,
pp. 148–9.
69
Regler,
The Owl,
p. 294.
70
Regler,
The Owl,
pp. 294–6.
71
Stephen Koch,
The Breaking Point. Hemingway, Dos Passos and the Murder of José Robles
(New York: Counterpoint, 2005), p. 99.
72
Vaksberg,
Hotel Lux,
pp. 52, 64.
73
Ronald Radosh, Mary R. Habeck and Grigory Sevostianov (eds),
Spain Betrayed. The Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), pp. 267, 521 n. 60. See also Simon Sebag Montefiore,
Stalin. The Court of the Red Czar
(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003), p. 208.